A method of obtaining a compound may include adding a substrate to a medium in a reactor, and reacting the substrate in the reactor to form the compound. A first stream is separated from the reaction liquid through a first membrane. A second stream is separated from the reaction liquid through a second membrane. The first membrane is a filtration membrane and the second membrane is configured for liquid-gas or liquid-liquid extraction The first membrane and the second membrane are at least partially immersed in the medium and are moved relative to the reactor during the separation steps.

A process for purifying a urea-containing aqueous stream, such as the aqueous stream from the recovery section of a urea plant, comprising a step of removing biuret from the urea-containing stream by reverse osmosis in one or more reverse osmosis stages.

Water permeable membranes and methods of preparation are described. The water permeable membrane can comprise a porous support, and a polyamide layer comprising a crosslinked polyamide on a surface of the porous support, wherein the polyamide layer further comprises nanoparticles and a hydrophilic additive, and wherein the hydrophilic additive covalently bonds to the crosslinked polyamide. The crosslinked polyamide can be interfacially polymerized on the porous support. Methods for desalinating water, performing dialysis, or performing pervaporation using the water permeable membranes are disclosed.

Provided are composite articles having a membrane and a porous substrate, where the porous substrate has the membrane disposed thereon. The membrane has two layers, where the first layer has the second layer disposed thereon, and each layer has a plurality of polymer chains with a plurality of silicon-oxygen groups and a plurality of silicon-carbon groups. The first layer has a silicon to oxygen ratio of about 4:1 to about 1:1.25 and a silicon to carbon ratio of about 1:2 to about 1:10, and the second layer has a silicon to oxygen ratio of about 1:1 to about 1:2 and a silicon to carbon ratio of about 2:1 to about 10:1. At least a portion of the polymer chains of the second layer am crosslinked. The composite articles may be used in gas separation methods. Also provided are methods of making the composite articles and devices utilizing the composite articles.

The present invention relates to a lipophilic and hydrophobic nanofiber membrane and a method of preparing the same. The lipophilic and hydrophobic nanofiber membrane according to an exemplary embodiment may be compressed at a pressure of 10 kPa to 100 kPa and may have an average thickness of 10 μm to 1,500 μm.

High energy consumption and the negative impacts of hyper saline brine are the two biggest hurdles to a widespread adoption of seawater desalination. Taking advantage of the principal that fluid pressure increases in direct proportion to depth, this invention reduces energy consumption by relocating the process of reverse osmosis at depths where the weight of the water produces the pressure required to drive the reverse osmosis process thereby eliminating the high costs normally associated with raising intake pressure and by simply varying pumping rates, the brine stream can be pre-diluted to levels slightly above the original thereby reducing environmental impact. The simplicity of the design also reduces the costs of building and installation thereby making it likely that seawater desalination will proliferate around the world.

A water recycling apparatus contains: a body, and inflow pipe, a reverse osmosis (RO) discharge pipe, and an outlet pipe. The body includes an accommodation chamber, a first receiving orifice, a second receiving orifice, and a third receiving orifice. The inflow pipe includes a first inlet, a first connection segment, and a first outlet. The RO discharge pipe includes a second inlet, a second connection segment, and a one-way check valve. The one-way check valve has a feeding segment and a discharging segment, such that the RO discharge pipe is connected with the feeding segment of the one-way check valve. The outlet pipe includes a guiding orifice, a third connection segment, and a leading orifice. The body further includes a first layer, a second layer, an inflatable layer, and an air nozzle communicating with the inflatable layer so as to inflate or deflate airs to the inflatable layer.

Disclosed is a method for the manufacture of a spray-dried powder consisting essentially of 3-fucosyllactose, the spray-dried powder, its use for the manufacture of nutritional compositions, and nutritional compositions containing the spray-dried powder.

The invention concerns an underwater water treatment unit which has specific cleaning means which are suitable for cleaning filtration membranes in the unconventional conditions associated with use at great or very great depths, as well as a method for cleaning the membrane of the underwater water treatment unit.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are destroyed by oxidation in supercritical conditions. PFAS in water is concentrated in a reverse osmosis step and salt from the resulting solution is removed in supercritical conditions prior to destruction of PFAS in supercritical conditions.