A method of pumping an aqueous fluid through an electroosmotic membrane situated between a cathode and an anode includes oxidizing water to O.sub.2 at the anode and reducing O.sub.2 at the cathode. A potential difference E between the cathode and the anode is 1.4 V or less.

A system comprises an electrodialysis apparatus, which includes first and second reservoirs, wherein a salt concentration in the first reservoir reduces below a threshold concentration and salt concentration in the second reservoir increases during an operation mode. A first electrode comprises a first solution of a first redox-active electrolyte material, and a second electrode comprises a second solution of a second redox-active electrolyte material. In a first reversible redox reaction between the first electrode and first electrolyte material at least one ion is accepted from the first reservoir, and in a second reversible redox reaction between the second electrode and second electrolyte material at least one ion is driven into the second reservoir. A first type of membrane is disposed between the first and second reservoirs, and a second type of membrane, different from the first type, is disposed between the respective electrodes and reservoirs.

An electrochemical system includes a first reservoir comprising a first fluid and a catalyst, wherein the first fluid comprises a reaction mixture that reacts to form first and second products, and a second reservoir comprises a second fluid. A first electrode contacts a redox-active electrolyte material solution and has a reversible redox reaction with the electrolyte material to accept at least one ion. A second electrode contacts a redox-active electrolyte material solution and has a reversible redox reaction with the electrolyte material to drive at least one ion into the second fluid as an electrical potential is supplied. A diluted effluent comprising the second product and the catalyst exits the second reservoir, wherein the second product is removed from the first reservoir via electroosmosis, and optionally concurrently via osmosis, and a product stream comprising the first product exits the first reservoir.

Disclosed is a method for the manufacture of a spray-dried powder consisting essentially of LNT and/or LNnT, the spray-dried powder, its use for the manufacture of nutritional compositions, and nutritional compositions containing the spray-dried powder.

An electrochemical separation device includes a first electrode, a second electrode, a cell stack including alternating depleting compartments and concentrating compartments disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, an inlet manifold configured to introduce a fluid to one of the depleting compartments or the concentrating compartments an outlet manifold, and one or more of a fluid flow director disposed within the inlet manifold and having a surface configured to alter a flow path of the fluid introduced into the inlet manifold and direct the fluid into the one of the depleting compartments or the concentrating compartments, and a second fluid flow director disposed within the outlet manifold and having a surface configured to alter a flow path of the fluid introduced into the outlet manifold via one of the depleting compartments or the concentrating compartments.

The present invention provides a method of preparing oxalic acid (H.sub.2C.sub.2O.sub.4), the method at least comprising the steps of: (a) providing a metal formate (HCO.sub.2M) containing stream, wherein the metal (M) of the metal formate (HCO.sub.2M) is a monovalent metal selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, Cs, Rb and a mixture thereof; (b) heating the metal formate (HCO.sub.2M) containing stream thereby obtaining a metal oxalate (M.sub.2C.sub.2O.sub.4) containing stream; (c) subjecting the metal oxalate (M.sub.2C.sub.2O.sub.4) containing stream to electrodialysis, thereby obtaining at least oxalic acid (M.sub.2C.sub.2O.sub.4) and a metal hydroxide (MOH).

A graphene oxide-based membrane There is provided a graphene oxide-based membrane comprising a substrate and a plurality of layers of single-layered graphene oxide formed on the substrate, each of the plurality of layers of single-layered graphene oxide is functionalised by at least one diamine functional group, wherein interlayer spacing between two adjacent layers of single-layered graphene oxide is ≤ 10 Å. The membrane may be comprised in an electrocapacitive unit. There is also provided a method of forming the membrane.

The present application relates to the technical field of further processing of dairy products, and in particular to a preparation method of milk oligosaccharides, and milk oligosaccharide powder and food prepared thereby. The preparation method comprises the steps of: performing ultrafiltration of whey liquid for at least three times, subjecting the ultrafiltration permeate to nanofiltration concentration for several times, then subjecting the nanofiltration retentate to chromatographic separation and purification, collecting chromatographic collection liquid containing sialyllactose while removing the fraction containing lactose, subjecting the collection to desalination and drying to obtain oligosaccharide powder. The milk oligosaccharides prepared by the present method and the food product containing the same comprise basically bovine milk oligosaccharides, which are light yellow or white in color, light in flavor, uniform in size, and have good thermal stability and solubility. The milk oligosaccharides mainly comprise 3′-sialyllactose and 6′-sialyllactose.

A flow-electrode cartridge unit and a submerged flow-electrode capacitive deionization device using the same are proposed. The flow-electrode cartridge unit includes a pair of porous current collector plates arranged to face each other in a spaced apart state from each other in a first direction, a pair of ion separation membranes positioned on respective outer surfaces of the porous current collector plates in the first direction, a channel frame for wrapping around the pair of porous current collector plates and the pair of ion separation membranes to expose each of the ion separation membranes in the first direction, thereby forming a flow electrode channel between the pair of porous current collector plates, a pair of communication holes formed in the channel frame and communicating the flow electrode channel to an outside, and an electrode terminal formed in the channel frame and electrically connected to the porous current collector plates.

Between two juxtaposed similar ion exchange membranes (AEMs or CEMs), an ion depletion zone (d.sub.de) and ion enrichment zone (d.sub.en) are generated under an electric field. As cations are selectively transferred through the CEMs, for example, anions are relocated in order to achieve electro-neutrality, resulting in the concentration drop (increase) in ion depletion (enrichment) zone. The concentration drop (i.e. salt removal) is low and spatially gradual at relatively low voltage or current (i.e. Ohmic regime). However, at higher voltage or current (i.e. overlimiting regime), strong electroconvective vortex accelerates cation transport through CEMs, allowing us to “relocate” most salt ions. The flat depletion zone occurs with significantly low ion concentration, and corresponding strong electric field in the zone, and any charged agents (e.g. proteins and bacteria) cannot penetrate this flat zone. As a result, we can separate and collect the desalted/purified flow from brine flow by bifurcating the channel at the end of the CEMs. This ICP desalination/purification also happens with two anion exchange membranes (AEMs) by relocating cations, but the location of desalted/brine flows are converted.