A system can include a filter assembly with a filter and a substance in the filter assembly, and at least one optical computing device having an integrated computational element which receives electromagnetic radiation from the substance. A method can include receiving electromagnetic radiation from a substance in a filter assembly, the electromagnetic radiation from the substance being received by at least one optical computing device having an integrated computational element, and the receiving being performed while a filter is positioned in the filter assembly. A detector may receive electromagnetic radiation from the integrated computational element and produce an output correlated to a characteristic of the substance. A mitigation technique may be selected, based on the detector output.

A system can include a filter assembly with a filter and a substance in the filter assembly, and at least one optical computing device having an integrated computational element which receives electromagnetic radiation from the substance. A method can include receiving electromagnetic radiation from a substance in a filter assembly, the electromagnetic radiation from the substance being received by at least one optical computing device having an integrated computational element, and the receiving being performed while a filter is positioned in the filter assembly. A detector may receive electromagnetic radiation from the integrated computational element and produce an output correlated to a characteristic of the substance. A mitigation technique may be selected, based on the detector output.

A method for the repair of defects in a graphene or other two-dimensional material through interfacial polymerization.

A ceramic separation membrane structure in which a zeolite separation membrane formed on a ceramic porous body is repaired, and a repair method thereof. In the ceramic separation membrane structure, a zeolite separation membrane is disposed on a ceramic porous body, and defects of the zeolite separation membrane are repaired by zeolite repaired portions containing zeolite of structure different from the structure of zeolite of the zeolite separation membrane. The zeolite separation membrane and the zeolite repaired portions are made of a hydrophobic zeolite having a ratio of SiO.sub.2/Al.sub.2O.sub.3=100 or more.

A deposit monitoring device includes a non-permeated water line discharging non-permeated water where dissolved components and dispersed components are concentrated from water to be treated from a separation membrane device for obtaining permeated water by concentrating the dissolved components and dispersed components from water to be treated by a separation membrane; a first deposit detecting unit using part of the non-permeated water branched off as a detection liquid, and having a first separation membrane for detection in which the detection liquid is separated into permeated water for detection and non-permeated water for detection; a deposition condition altering device altering deposition conditions for deposits in the first separation membranes for detection; and first flow rate measuring devices for separated liquid detection that measure the flow rates of one or both of the permeated water for detection and the non-permeated water for detection separated by the first separation membrane for detection.

A deposit monitoring device includes a non-permeated water line discharging non-permeated water where dissolved components and dispersed components are concentrated from water to be treated from a separation membrane device for obtaining permeated water by concentrating the dissolved components and dispersed components from water to be treated by a separation membrane; a first deposit detecting unit using part of the non-permeated water branched off as a detection liquid, and having a first separation membrane for detection in which the detection liquid is separated into permeated water for detection and non-permeated water for detection; a deposition condition altering device altering deposition conditions for deposits in the first separation membranes for detection; and first flow rate measuring devices for separated liquid detection that measure the flow rates of one or both of the permeated water for detection and the non-permeated water for detection separated by the first separation membrane for detection.

To provide a method that reduces clogging of a filter device (filter) during a filtering step prior to addition of milk to a previously formulated lactase solution, and to provide a lactase solution which is not prone to having an occurrence of clogging of the filter device. A lactase solution having a permeation rate of 5 kg/min×m.sup.2 or more at the time of permeation of 366 kg/m.sup.2 through a membrane filter with a pore diameter of 0.22 μm at a concentration for having an activity of 1,000 NLU/g or 2,000 ALU/g, after being subjected to a stirring treatment at 100 rpm, 10° C. for 16 hours with a concentration for having an activity of 5,000 NLU/g or 10,000 ALU/g.

Methods are disclosed for monitoring, controlling and optimizing fouling of a two side membrane fouling process. The method for monitoring fouling of a two side membrane fouling process can include determining the process model for the two side membrane fouling process. The parameters of the process model can be grouped based on the interactions thereof between the parameters so as to form one or more groups of parameters. At least one key performance index is estimated in relation to one or more groups of parameters. The fouling of the two side membrane fouling process is monitored correspondingly in relation to at least one key performance index.

Methods are disclosed for monitoring, controlling and optimizing fouling of a two side membrane fouling process. The method for monitoring fouling of a two side membrane fouling process can include determining the process model for the two side membrane fouling process. The parameters of the process model can be grouped based on the interactions thereof between the parameters so as to form one or more groups of parameters. At least one key performance index is estimated in relation to one or more groups of parameters. The fouling of the two side membrane fouling process is monitored correspondingly in relation to at least one key performance index.

A water treatment device is provided with a separation membrane device having a separation membrane for concentrating dissolved components and dispersed components from water to be treated and obtaining permeated water; a first deposit detecting unit provided in a non-permeated water branch line branched from a non-permeated water line for discharging non-permeated water in which dissolved components and dispersed components have been concentrated, using part of the non-permeated water that has branched off as a detection liquid, and having a first separation membrane for detection in which the detection liquid is separated into permeated water for detection and non-permeated water for detection; and first flow rate measuring devices for separated liquid for detection that measure the flow rates of one or both of the permeated water for detection and the non-permeated water for detection separated by the first separation membrane for detection.