Membranes, methods of making the membranes, and methods of using the membranes are described herein. The membranes can comprise a gas permeable support layer, optionally an inorganic layer disposed on the support, and a selective polymer layer disposed on the inorganic layer. In some cases, the selective polymer layer can comprise an amine-containing polymer and an amino acid salt dispersed within the amine-containing polymer. In other cases, the selective polymer layer comprises a sterically hindered amine-containing polymer, such as a sterically hindered derivative of polyvinylamine. The membranes can be used, for example, to separate gaseous mixtures, such as flue gas.

A filtration membrane is provided. It comprises a porous support substrate and a porous active layer on top of the support substrate, wherein the active layer is formed of a network of interconnected, randomly arranged ceramic splats with ceramic particles occupying interstices between the splats, and wherein free spaces between the particles define a network of interconnected pores extending through the thickness of the active layer. There are also provided a method of filtering a feed using the membrane and a method of manufacturing the membrane by suspension plasma spraying.

Disclosed is a semipermeable membrane and its preparation method. The semipermeable membrane obtained has a Turing structure. The Turing structure is an ordered pattern composed of microstructures. The existence of the structure enables the semipermeable membrane of this invention to have both high water permeation flux and excellent salt retention performance, which breaks the flux limit value of the semipermeable membrane while ensuring high selective permeability of the membrane. It also has good anti-pollution properties. The preparation method of the invention can be easily integrated into the existing semipermeable membrane production line without further cost input which has far-reaching practical significance and commercial value.

The porous hollow fiber membrane of the present invention contains a thermoplastic resin, and includes a surface having a surface porosity of 32 to 60% and a fine pore diameter of 300 nm or less, and has a compressive strength of 0.7 MPa or more. The porous hollow fiber membrane of the present invention may include at least two layers, and in this case, the surface of one layer has a thickness of backbone of 0.3 to 20 m and a fine pore diameter of 0.3 to 10 m, and the surface of the other layer has a surface porosity of 32 to 60% and a fine pore diameter of 0.05 to 0.3 m.

A hydrogel composite draw material for forward osmosis comprising: a porous elastic polymeric foam element including a three-dimensional continuous network of pores interpenetrated with a polymer hydrogel. In use, the hydrogel composite draw material draws a water flux of at least 3.5 L/m.sup.2h.

Gas separation modules and methods for use including an integrated adsorbent and membrane. In certain refining applications, it is paramount to obtain high purity product gases. Adsorbent beds are effective at removing certain contaminants, such as CO.sub.2, from gas streams containing product and contaminant constituents to form a product-rich stream. The integrated membrane permits a further separation of products from any unadsorbed contaminant to produce a high purity product, such as hydrogen, stream. The gas separation modules described herein include stacked, radial, and spiral arrangements. Each modules includes a configuration of feed and cross-flow channels for the collection of contaminant gases and/or high purity product gases.

A low-cost and easy-to-fabricate mixed e.sup. and CO.sub.3.sup.2 conducting membrane for advanced high-flux and selective electrochemical CO.sub.2 separation from flue gas is provided. The membrane includes a CO.sub.3.sup.2-conducting molten carbonate phase and an e.sup.-conducting lithiated Ni-oxide interphase that can be formed in situ during operation. The membrane exhibits a CO.sub.2 flux density greater than 0.8 mL/(minute.Math.cm.sup.2) at 850 C. with a selectivity ranging from about 100 to about 500 and excellent stability for up to about 450 hours. Further, the self-formed interphase Li.sub.0.4Ni.sub.1.6O.sub.2 is highly electron conducting and can provide electrons to the co-reduction of CO.sub.2 and O.sub.2 into CO.sub.3.sup.2. Such a membrane is an alternative to the conventional size-sieving inorganic and dissolution-diffusion organic counterparts for CO.sub.2 capture from flue gas.

A microchannel-membrane device comprises a microchannel extending through at least one electrode, the microchannel having a predetermined depth; an ionic permselective medium, such as a membrane, across the microchannel between the electrodes; and a heater, or array of heaters, embedded below the microchannel on at least one side of the permselective membrane. The heaters can be either prefabricated or dynamically patterned using laser illumination with/without photoconductive coating. The heaters are on the depletion side of the membrane and induce a vortex which limits the growth of the diffusion area. Operation of the heaters allows for controlled positioning of the end of the diffusion area and with it also the position of the preconcentrated molecule plug.

Provided are methods of preparing, detecting, and/or assaying an analyte of interest from a sample. The methods utilize functionalized silicon membranes, such as, for example, functionalized silicon nanomembranes. Samples that can be used in the methods may be biological samples, food samples, environmental samples, industrial samples, or a combination thereof. Also provided are kits to perform methods of the present disclosure.

The present invention relates to a new method for creating nanopores in single layer molybdenum disulfide (MoS.sub.2) nanosheets (NSs) by the electrospray deposition (ESD) of silver ions on a water suspension of the former. Electrospray deposited silver ions react with the MoS.sub.2 NSs at the liquid-air interface resulting in Ag.sub.2S nanoparticles (NPs) which goes into the solution leaving the NSs with holes of 3-5 nm diameter. Specific reaction with the S of MoS.sub.2 NSs leads to Mo-rich edges. Such Mo-rich defects are highly efficient for the generation of active oxygen species such as H.sub.2O.sub.2, under visible light, which causes efficient disinfection of water. The holey MoS.sub.2 NSs shows 10.sup.5 times higher efficiency in disinfection compared to normal MoS.sub.2 NSs. Developed a conceptual prototype and tested with multiple bacterial strains and a viral strain, demonstrating the utility of the method for practical applications.