A desalination system (100) having an intake unit (110) providing seawater to a pre-treatment unit (120) connected to a reverse osmosis (RO) desalination unit (130) and a post treatment unit (150). The desalination system (100) is configured to operate without any external addition of chemicals to simplify logistics and regulation concerns. The units of the system are configured to prevent biofouling, scaling and corrosion by mechanical and biological means including high flow speeds, biological flocculation of colloids, and making the water entering the RO units inhospitable to bacteria and other organisms that cause biofouling, hence preventing their settlement and removing them with the brine. Recovery rate is lowered and energy is recovered to increase the energetic efficiency and minerals that are added to the product water are taken from the brine.

A desalination system (100) having an intake unit (110) providing seawater to a pre-treatment unit (120) connected to a reverse osmosis (RO) desalination unit (130) and a post treatment unit (150). The desalination system (100) is configured to operate without any external addition of chemicals to simplify logistics and regulation concerns. The units of the system are configured to prevent biofouling, scaling and corrosion by mechanical and biological means including high flow speeds, biological flocculation of colloids, and making the water entering the RO units inhospitable to bacteria and other organisms that cause biofouling, hence preventing their settlement and removing them with the brine. Recovery rate is lowered and energy is recovered to increase the energetic efficiency and minerals that are added to the product water are taken from the brine.

A system and a method for reusing waste water from a Reverse Osmosis (RO) filtering process are described, said system including: a Reverse Osmosis (RO) filtration system, from which a flow of highly alkaline waste water results; two tanks intended to receive waste water and able to alternately determine the physical and chemical properties of waste water through sensors or, and perform homogenization, chlorination and chemical treatments of said waste water; an output line which comprises a pump and connects the tanks to a reservoir; and said reservoir being able to blend the water treated by the tanks with treated chlorinated drinking water, depending on the physical and chemical properties of these volumes of water; the chlorination and chemical treatment includes addition of a hypochlorite compound, which reaction releases chlorine in the waste water and causes evaporation of at least O.sub.2 and H.sub.2 gases, reducing the alkaline pH of said waste water.

A methane fermentation system which can efficiently generate methane gas is provided. The methane fermentation system decomposes an organic waste with an anaerobic microorganism to cause methane fermentation so as to generate the methane gas. The methane fermentation system includes a wet bead mill which finely pulverizes the organic waste. The methane fermentation system also includes a methane fermentation chamber in which the organic waste finely pulverized in the wet bead mill is decomposed with the anaerobic microorganism to cause the methane fermentation so as to generate the methane gas.

A methane fermentation system which can efficiently generate methane gas is provided. The methane fermentation system decomposes an organic waste with an anaerobic microorganism to cause methane fermentation so as to generate the methane gas. The methane fermentation system includes a wet bead mill which finely pulverizes the organic waste. The methane fermentation system also includes a methane fermentation chamber in which the organic waste finely pulverized in the wet bead mill is decomposed with the anaerobic microorganism to cause the methane fermentation so as to generate the methane gas.

A source liquid including a solvent with a dissolved impurity flows into a reservoir. The source liquid or a concentration of the source liquid is pumped from the reservoir through a pressure exchanger into an upstream side of a liquid-separation module. The module includes a membrane that at least partially purified solvent as filtrate to a permeate side of the liquid-separation module while diverting the impurity in a feed retentate on the upstream side of the liquid-separation module. The substantially pure water is extracted from the permeate side of the liquid-separation module, while the feed retentate is passed from the upstream side of the liquid-separation module through the pressure exchanger, where pressure from the feed retentate is transferred to the feed from the reservoir. The feed retentate is then passed from the pressure exchanger to the reservoir and recirculated as a component of the feed via the above steps.

A source liquid including a solvent with a dissolved impurity flows into a reservoir. The source liquid or a concentration of the source liquid is pumped from the reservoir through a pressure exchanger into an upstream side of a liquid-separation module. The module includes a membrane that at least partially purified solvent as filtrate to a permeate side of the liquid-separation module while diverting the impurity in a feed retentate on the upstream side of the liquid-separation module. The substantially pure water is extracted from the permeate side of the liquid-separation module, while the feed retentate is passed from the upstream side of the liquid-separation module through the pressure exchanger, where pressure from the feed retentate is transferred to the feed from the reservoir. The feed retentate is then passed from the pressure exchanger to the reservoir and recirculated as a component of the feed via the above steps.

A process for separating carbon dioxide from a fluid containing carbon dioxide, NO.sub.2, and at least one of oxygen, argon, and nitrogen comprises the steps of separating at least part of the fluid into a carbon dioxide enriched stream, a carbon dioxide depleted stream comprising CO.sub.2 and at least one of oxygen, argon, and nitrogen and a NO.sub.2 enriched stream and recycling said NO.sub.2 enriched stream upstream of the separation step.

A method of reducing haze by creating a physically stable alcoholic beverage that has been obtained via filtration and separation processes includes receiving retentate from which water has been removed, from a reverse osmosis filter system having an initial alcoholic precursor to the alcoholic beverage in a feed stream, wherein a concentration of alcohol in the retentate has reached between about 10% and 40% by volume, cooling the retentate to a temperature between about 2 degrees below a freezing point of the retentate and a freezing point of the initial alcoholic precursor to the alcoholic beverage in the feed stream, and subjecting the retentate to a clarification process that removes particles having a size of about 0.4-0.8 microns and larger to produce a clarified retentate. The clarification process includes centrifuging, filtration using a filter, and/or forming a supernate and a precipitate and then decanting the supernate.

A method, system and composition is described for treating waste generated from manufacturing operations including at least one of Printed Circuit Boards Fabrication (PCB FAB), General Metal Finishing (GMF), semiconductors manufacturing, chemical milling, and Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD). The method, system and composition are used to create zero liquid discharge recycling.