A method for preparing battery grade and high purity grade lithium hydroxide and lithium carbonate from high-impurity lithium sources includes steps for preparation of a refined lithium salt solution, preparation of battery grade lithium hydroxide, preparation of high purity grade lithium hydroxide, preparation of high purity grade lithium carbonate and preparation of battery grade lithium carbonate. The system to carry out the preparation includes a refined lithium salt solution preparation subsystem, a battery grade lithium hydroxide preparation subsystem, a high purity grade lithium hydroxide preparation subsystem, a high purity grade lithium carbonate preparation subsystem and a battery grade lithium carbonate preparation subsystem arranged in turn according to production sequence. A combination of physical and chemical treatment methods are used to treat the high-impurity lithium sources having variations in lithium contents, impurity categories, and impurity contents.

This system for concentrating solvent-containing articles involves a first step in which: a supply flow (a) comprising solvent-containing articles containing a solute and a solvent (b) is caused to flow counter to or parallel with a permeant flow (d) through a forward osmosis membrane (o); the solvent (b) contained in the supply flow (a) is made to pass through the forward osmosis membrane (o) and to move into the permeant flow (d); and a concentrate flow (c) formed from the concentrated solvent-containing articles and a flow (e) formed from the diluted permeant flow (d) are obtained, wherein the permeant flow (d) is an inorganic salt solution containing multivalent cations, and the temperature of the permeant flow (d) in the aforementioned first step is 5-60 C.

A gas separation apparatus includes a gas supply part and a zeolite membrane. The gas supply part supplies a mixed gas at a pressure greater than or equal to 10 atm and less than or equal to 200 atm. The mixed gas contains at least CH.sub.4, CO.sub.2, and N.sub.2. A water content of the mixed gas is made less than or equal to 3000 ppm. The zeolite membrane allows CO.sub.2 and N.sub.2 in the mixed gas to permeate therethrough, to thereby separate CO.sub.2 and N.sub.2 from CH.sub.4. The zeolite membrane is made of zeolite. The zeolite contains Al. A ratio of alkali metal to whole framework elements in the zeolite is less than or equal to 6.0 mol %. An amount of substance of the alkali metal in the zeolite is less than an amount of substance of Al.

A purification method for an aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution includes subjecting the aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution to a reverse osmosis membrane separation treatment with a high-pressure reverse osmosis membrane separation device. The high-pressure reverse osmosis membrane has a denser skin layer on the membrane surface and is therefore lower in an amount of membrane permeate water per unit operating pressure but higher in the rejection rate of TOC and boron, as compared with a low-pressure or ultralow-pressure reverse osmosis membrane. The high-pressure reverse osmosis membrane permeate water is preferably further subjected to an ion exchange treatment with an ion exchange device including two or more columns packed with gel-type strong ion exchange resins.

Provided is a method for cleaning a filtration membrane provided in a membrane filtration device that is immersed in a liquid to be treated and performs solid-liquid separation on the liquid to be treated. When a transmembrane pressure difference exceeds a first predetermined pressure difference P1, a first cleaning step W1 for cleaning a filtration membrane is performed using a first chemical solution; when the transmembrane pressure difference immediately after performing the first cleaning step W1 exceeds a second predetermined pressure difference P2 that is lower than the first predetermined pressure difference, a second cleaning step W2 for cleaning the filtration membrane is performed using a second chemical solution having a concentration higher than the first chemical solution; and when the second cleaning step W2 is performed, the concentration of the second chemical solution and/or the cleaning time is changed according to the temperature of the liquid to be treated.

A method for controlling treatment of an industrial water system is disclosed. The method comprises the steps of providing an apparatus for controlling delivery of at least one treatment chemical, the apparatus comprising at least one sensor and an electronic input/output device carrying out a protocol; measuring a parameter of the industrial water system using the at least one sensor; relaying the measured parameter to the electronic device; adjusting the protocol based on the measured parameter; delivering a concentrated treatment chemical into a stream of the industrial water system according to the adjusted protocol, the concentrated treatment chemical comprising an active ingredient, the active ingredient traced as necessary, the active ingredient having a concentration; repeating the measuring, the adjusting, and the delivering; and optionally repeating the steps for n-number of parameters, n-number of active ingredients, and/or n-number of concentrated treatment chemicals.

A system for descaling apparatus is described. The system provides for: a water inlet feedstream; a reverse osmosis system in fluid communication with the water inlet feedstream, in which the reverse osmosis system produces a water permeate output feedstream; and a pressurised carbon dioxide feedstream. The pressurised carbon dioxide feedstream and water permeate output feedstream are arranged in use to combine to produce a pressurised carbonic acid input feedstream.

Systems and methods for exchanging buffer solutions are disclosed. In accordance with some embodiments, the methods and systems for buffer exchange may be automated and/or the methods and systems may include mixing during filtering operations.

There is described a method of use of a mass exchanger. In the method the mass exchanger comprises: a first channel for accommodating flow of a liquid to be treated; and a second channel for accommodating flow of a treatment agent, the first and second channels have a permeable membrane provided between them, so as to allow transfer of selected species between the first channel and the second channel. The steps of the mass transfer method comprise passing the liquid to be treated along the first channel and introducing a mixture of liquid and gas into the second channel to provide a two-phase treatment agent. It is desirable to provide a means of adjusting the concentration of gas species in a liquid such as blood, while simultaneously controlling the temperature of the liquid and optionally adjusting the concentration of ionic and/or dissolved species in that liquid. By this method and mass exchanger providing a two-phase treatment agent, it is possible to simultaneously deliver gaseous species (e.g. oxygen) into the treated liquid, while making use of the high heat capacity of the liquid phase of the treatment agent to transfer significant heat into or from the treated liquid.

The present disclosure discloses processes for treating, producing, or producing and treating biodiesel. Products produced with the various processes of the present invention are also disclosed.