The present invention provides a method for hemodiafiltration which applies dialysate gradient across a multi-chambered hemodiafiltrator having a plurality of compartmentalized tubular dialysate chambers. An acidic dialysate with urea at a concentration is applied to a first dialysate chamber. A less acidic dialysate with a lower concentration of urea than those for the first dialysate chamber is applied to a second dialysate chamber. A basic dialysate with no urea but with ammonia at a concentration up to a concentration detected in normal human blood is applied to a last dialysate chamber. The concentrations of urea for the first and second dialysate chambers decrease over time to zero prior to conclusion of hemodiafiltration.

A hollow fiber membrane module includes a housing having an inlet formed one end thereof and an outlet formed on the other end thereof, in which hot and humid humidifying fluid flows in through the inlet and the humidifying fluid after humidifying a cool and dry fluid flowing out of the housing through the outlet; at least one hollow fiber membrane bundle which is inserted into the housing in the longitudinal direction; a partitioning part for supporting the hollow fiber membrane bundle and partitioning an inflow space, in which the humidifying fluid flowing into the housing momentarily remains, and an outflow space, in which the humidifying fluid momentarily remains before being discharged through the outlet; and a potting part for potting both ends of the hollow fiber membrane bundle to the housing.

Described is an osmotic distillation process for concentrating a liquid containing sodium chloride, and in particular a treatment process for used reaction water containing sodium chloride from the production of polymers.

The present disclosure describes a device and method to clear solutes from a patient's blood while maintaining fluid balance. In some implementations, the device and method is used to assist the filtration functions of a patient's liver or kidney. The device includes a plurality of hollow fibers that pass through a sequence of alternating filtration chambers and infusion chambers. The filtration chambers filter the patient's blood while the infusion chambers rehydrate the filtered blood.

A filtration device (1) has a housing (4) and a filter module (2) with hollow fibers (32) surrounded by an outer shell (5). The hollow fiber bundle (6) is sealed to the outer shell (5) at each end by an adhesive (11) transverse to the longitudinal direction (10). Each end of the hollow fibers (32) is unclosed. An unfiltered product chamber (20) is between the outer shell (5) and a wall (19) of the filter housing (4) and a filtered product chamber (13) is inside the filter module (2). The bottom end of the filter module (2) connects with an intermediate section (3) that connects with a receptacle (17) of a bottom portion (15) of the filter housing (4). The intermediate section (3) forms a connection chamber (26) facing the hollow fiber ends (29) and radial feed channels (28) connect the connection chamber (26) with the unfiltered product chamber (20).

A sheet-shaped hollow fiber membrane module includes a casing having a flat shape, the casing including a supply port and a discharge port, and a plurality of hollow fiber membranes accommodated inside the casing. The casing includes a plurality of the supply ports on one main surface of the casing and a plurality of the discharge ports on the other main surface of the casing, at least one of the plurality of the supply ports is closable, and at least one of the plurality of the discharge ports is closable. Each of the plurality of hollow fiber membranes includes a first opening at one end of the hollow fiber membrane and a second opening at the other end of the hollow fiber membrane, and the first opening and the second opening communicate with an outside of the casing and do not communicate with an inside of the casing.

A blood processing apparatus may include a heat exchanger and a gas exchanger. At least one of the heat exchanger and the gas exchanger may be configured to impart a radial component to blow flow through the heat exchanger and/or gas exchanger. The heat exchanger may be configured to cause blood flow to follow a spiral flow path.

A hollow fiber membrane module includes a housing having an inlet formed one end thereof and an outlet formed on the other end thereof, in which hot and humid humidifying fluid flows in through the inlet and the humidifying fluid after humidifying a cool and dry fluid flowing out of the housing through the outlet; at least one hollow fiber membrane bundle which is inserted into the housing in the longitudinal direction; a partitioning part for supporting the hollow fiber membrane bundle and partitioning an inflow space, in which the humidifying fluid flowing into the housing momentarily remains, and an outflow space, in which the humidifying fluid momentarily remains before being discharged through the outlet; and a potting part for potting both ends of the hollow fiber membrane bundle to the housing.

A blood processing apparatus may include a heat exchanger and a gas exchanger. At least one of the heat exchanger and the gas exchanger may be configured to impart a radial component to blow flow through the heat exchanger and/or gas exchanger. The heat exchanger may be configured to cause blood flow to follow a spiral flow path.

Processes, systems, and techniques for multivalent ion desalination of a feed water use an apparatus that has a cathode, an anode, and an electrodialysis cell located between the cathode and anode. The cell has a product chamber through which the feed water flows, a multivalent cation concentrating chamber on a cathodic side of the product chamber through which the concentrated multivalent cation solution flows, and a multivalent anion concentrating chamber on an anodic side of the product chamber through which the concentrated multivalent anion solution flows. The product chamber and the multivalent cation concentrating chamber are each bounded by and share a cation exchange membrane, and the product chamber and the multivalent anion concentrating chamber are each bounded by and share an anion exchange membrane. A monovalent ion species is added to at least one of the concentrated multivalent cation solution and the concentrated multivalent anion solution.