Provided are a cleaning method and cleaning device for cleaning with micro/nano-bubbles, with which a simple method of spraying a treatment solution containing micro/nano-bubbles onto a substrate to be processed makes it possible to efficiently and reliably peel off residual resist or remove contaminants from the substrate, while reducing an environmental load.

This cleaning method is characterized in that, with respect to a substrate to be treated to which a resist film has adhered onto the substrate or a substrate to be treated to which the surface thereof has been contaminated with a metal or metal compounds, the resist film is peeled off or the metals or metal compounds are removed by spraying onto the substrate to be treated a treatment solution containing gaseous micro/nano-bubbles and having a temperature maintained at 30 C. to 90 C., the mean particle size of the micro/nano-bubbles when measured by an ice embedding method using a cryo-transmission electron microscope being 100 nm or smaller, preferably 30 nm or smaller, and also preferably the density of such bubbles being 10.sup.8 or more bubbles per 1 mL.

A method for controlling the saturation level of gas in a liquid discharge includes obtaining temperature and pressure measurements of a solvent in a mixing vessel and obtaining a pressure measurement of a source feedstock in a feedstock tank, correlating the temperature and pressure measurements of the solvent to baseline data to generate a theoretical uptake rate for the source feedstock into the solvent and a theoretical flow rate of the source feedstock into the mixing vessel, and determining a required opening setting for a feedstock valve in the feedstock input line in order to achieve a desired liquid displacement in the mixing vessel. The method includes determining an uptake duration and achieving an uptake displacement equivalent to the reverse of the desired liquid displacement. The method includes generating a valve operating control law for how the feedstock valve should function in a cycle.

Provided are a cleaning method and cleaning device for cleaning with micro/nano-bubbles, with which a simple method of spraying a treatment solution containing micro/nano-bubbles onto a substrate to be processed makes it possible to efficiently and reliably peel off residual resist or remove contaminants from the substrate, while reducing an environmental load. This cleaning method is characterized in that, with respect to a substrate to be treated to which a resist film has adhered onto the substrate or a substrate to be treated to which the surface thereof has been contaminated with a metal or metal compounds, the resist film is peeled off or the metals or metal compounds are removed by spraying onto the substrate to be treated a treatment solution containing gaseous micro/nano-bubbles and having a temperature maintained at 30 C. to 90 C., the mean particle size of the micro/nano-bubbles when measured by an ice embedding method using a cryo-transmission electron microscope being 100 nm or smaller, preferably 30 nm or smaller, and also preferably the density of such bubbles being 10.sup.8 or more bubbles per 1 mL.

Disclosed are techniques to mimic turbulent-enhanced reactivity under confinement by the addition of dilute high molecular weight polymers. Micro-scale imaging within a transparent porous medium reveals an elastic instability (EI), which drives chaotic fluctuations that stretch and fold solute blobs exponentially in time analogous to turbulent Batchelor mixing, despite the low Re. A reduction in the required mixing length can be observed, suggesting a cooperation between the elastic instability and the dispersion inherent to the disordered 3D porous mediawhich can be modeled as additive independent mixing rates, representing a dramatic conceptual simplification. The disclosed enhanced transport of solutes circumvents the traditional trade-off between throughput and reactor length, allowing a simultaneous large reduction in length and increases in throughput. Elastic flow instabilities can provide turbulent-like enhancements in chemical reaction rates, which can operate cooperatively with dispersive mixing in industrially relevant geometries.

The present invention relates to an inorganic solid nutritive composition comprising at least one polyphosphate and at least one source of iron as micronutrient, wherein said composition is water-soluble and comprises an iron content of between 0.1% and 5% by weight of iron relative to the total weight of said solid composition.

A computer-implemented method of closed-loop dissolved oxygen monitoring and control at a hydroelectric plant includes: regulating at least one aeration valve coupled to a turbine using pattern recognition; wherein a target parameter for the regulating is a dissolved oxygen concentration of water downstream of the hydroelectric plant. The dissolved oxygen concentration may be at least 5.0 milligrams per liter. The pattern recognition may be performed using a neural network.

The present application provides a method and a system for recycling a polymer. The method includes introducing polymer into a primary melting extruder, producing a polymer melt that is combined with a fluid oil to at least partially dissolve the polymer melt. A secondary mixing extruder mixes these to form a polymer solution that is introduced into a refinery oil stream, producing a polymer-comprising oil stream, which is fed into a refinery process unit. The system includes a primary melting extruder for forming a polymer melt from polymer. A secondary mixing extruder receives the polymer melt. One or more hydrocarbon inflow conduits for providing a fluid oil to the primary melting extruder and/or the secondary mixing extruder are configured to form a polymer solution from the fluid oil and the polymer melt. There is a feed system outlet for feeding the polymer solution to a refinery oil stream.

An apparatus for accelerated dissolution of carbonates with buffered pH. The apparatus includes a mixer, a dissolution reactor and a pH correction reactor. The mixer includes: a chamber; a water supply; a carbonic gas supply; and a carbonate supply. Water, carbonic gas and carbonate are provided to the chamber in predetermined continuous flow rates to obtain a design flow rate of lean mixture at the outlet. The dissolution reactor includes a duct connected to the chamber receiving the lean mixture and allowing at least partial dissolution of the carbonate which transforms the lean mixture into an ionic mixture according to the reaction CaCO3+CO2+H2O? Ca(HCO3)2. The pH correction reactor comprises a duct and a hydroxide supply. The mixture is then released into the sea. Embodiments also relate to a method for the accelerated dissolution of carbonates with buffered pH for the permanent sequestration of CO2 in the sea in the form of bicarbonates.

An exemplary embodiment of the present invention provides a urea water manufacturing device which can reduce the time for producing urea water by forming a vibrating atmosphere using an ultrasonic wave generator when stirring urea and pure water supplied inside a stirring tank, and can produce urea water with high purity by real-time feedback control of specific gravity of urea water, and a method thereof. The urea water manufacturing device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention includes a pure water supply unit, a urea supply unit, a stirring unit, a specific gravity detection unit, a control unit, and a urea water discharge unit.

There is provided a gas solution supply apparatus capable of preventing bubbles from being generated in use at a point-of-use even if gas solution to be provided to a point-of-use has a high concentration. The gas solution supply apparatus 1 includes: a gas dissolving unit 4 that dissolves a source gas in a source liquid to produce a first gas solution; a first gas-liquid separator 10 that stores the first gas solution produced and produces a second gas solution through gas-liquid separation of the first gas solution; a pressure reducer 17 that depressurizes the second gas solution produced in the first gas-liquid separator 10; and a second gas-liquid separator 12 that stores the depressurized second gas solution and produces a third gas solution through gas-liquid separation of the second gas solution. The third gas solution is supplied to a point-of-use.