A vacuum chamber may include an ambient side and a vacuum side. The vacuum chamber may be configured to carry a feedthrough that may include a hollow tube, a first O-ring captured by a first recess within the hollow tube and a rod extending through the hollow tube. The outer circumference of the rod may be configured to contact an entirety of an inner circumference of the first O-ring. A vacuum fitting having an inner circumference may be fixedly secured to the hollow tube. The rod may be operable to be linearly movable within the hollow tube and may be rotatably movable about an axis within the hollow tube. An object may be secured to the rod and may be linearly and rotatably moved within the vacuum chamber.

The invention concerns a continuous flow process for manufacturing surface modified metal oxide nanoparticles by supercritical solvothermal synthesis in an reaction medium flowing within a continuous flow chamber, said continuous flow chamber containing a hydrolysis area and a supercritical area, said process comprising the introduction of a flow of metal oxide precursor into the continuous flow chamber at a point P located in the hydrolysis area or in the supercritical area, and the introduction of a flow of is located downstream of P1 with respect to the flow direction, as well as the device for carrying out this process.

A feedthrough for use in a vacuum chamber is provided and includes a hollow tube having a length, an inner circumference, and a first recess located within the inner circumference. The feedthrough also includes a first O-ring captured by the first recess within the hollow tube. The feedthrough further includes a rod extending through an entirety of the length of the hollow tube. An outer circumference of the rod is configured to contact an entirety of an inner circumference of the first O-ring, and a vacuum fitting is fixedly secured to the hollow tube.

A graphene manufacturing device using Joule heating includes: a chamber having a space provided therein so as to synthesize graphene; and a first roller portion and a second roller portion disposed inside the chamber to be spaced from each other such that same support a catalyst metal penetrating the interior of the chamber and are supplied with an electric current for graphene synthesis, thereby Joule-heating the catalyst metal. In order to compensate for a temperature deviation of the catalyst metal passing between the first roller portion and the second roller portion, a first area of the catalyst metal, which is close to the first roller portion, and a second area of the catalyst metal, which is close to the second roller portion, are disposed to have movement paths facing each other.

A device for synthesising and studying compounds under controlled temperatures and pressures includes: a body delimiting a vacuum chamber including temperature-regulation means and vacuum-application means, and having one or more viewing windows enabling the inside of the chamber to be observed from the outside; temperature-regulation means that are intended for regulating the temperature inside the vacuum chamber; and vacuum-application means that are intended for regulating the pressure in the vacuum chamber; wherein it includes, inside the vacuum chamber, a sealed structure delimiting a sealed chamber having one or more viewing window facing said one or more windows in said body, and at least one pipe that is in fluid communication firstly with the inside of said sealed chamber and secondly with an outlet that is made in the body and provided in order to be connected to one or more sources of gas for synthesising said compound or sample.

A method for revamping an ammonia plant including a steam system, said steam system comprising at least a high-pressure section operating at a first pressure and a medium-pressure section operating at a second pressure lower than said first pressure, the revamping including: the provision of at least one additional heat recovery by means of a steam flow at a third pressure which is intermediate between said first and second pressure, and the provision of a steam export line arranged to export outside the ammonia plant at least a portion of said steam flow at said third pressure.

Disclosed herein is a method and device for production of a new long-term storage-stable allotropic modification of oxygen, tetraoxygen O.sub.4, using a combination of known chemical reactions into one technological sequence, including chemical interaction of negative and positive oxidation state oxygen compounds.

The method involves production of dioxygen difluoride by oxidation of molecular oxygen with fluorine, followed by the reaction of dioxygen difluoride with alkali metal peroxide, forming tetraoxygen O.sub.4.

Tetraoxygen is stable in its liquid state up to a temperature of +40° C. and can be used for the oxidation of rocket fuel, long-term compact storage of oxygen, and many other purposes.

A neutron absorber synthesis system that can synthesize boron carbide that is a raw material for a neutron absorber, by recycling boron (B-10) of a mass number 10 that can absorb boron, particularly neutrons existing in boric acid waste fluid, is provided. The neutron absorber synthesis system includes: a pre-processing unit to which a radioactive waste including boron is supplied from the outside and inflows to the inside and a compound is produced by removing moisture of the radioactive waste by heat treatment by a first heat source; and a boron carbide synthesizing unit to which the compound produced from the radioactive waste is inflowed inside and a boron carbide is synthesized from a raw material containing the compound and carbon by heat treatment by a second heat source.

A method of manufacturing bulked continuous carpet filament from recycled polymer. In various embodiments, the method includes: (1) reducing recycled polymer material into polymer flakes; (2) cleansing the polymer flakes; (3) melting the flakes into a polymer melt; (4) removing water and contaminants from the polymer melt by dividing the polymer melt into a plurality of polymer streams and exposing those streams to pressures below 25 millibars or another predetermined pressure; (5) recombining the streams; and (6) using the resulting purified polymer to produce bulked continuous carpet filament.

A sealed, passively pumped, polycrystalline ceramic vacuum chamber and method for fabricating the chamber are disclosed. The body of the vacuum chamber is made from a polycrystalline ceramic, for example, alumina. The vacuum chamber includes one or more windows made from a transparent ceramic, for example, sapphire, to accommodate optical access, while remaining amorphous-glass free to minimize or eliminate helium permeation. The vacuum chamber components are joined via laser welding or furnace brazing and the completed chamber is bakeable at temperatures up to 400° C. The vacuum chamber can operate at high or ultra-high vacuum pressures for an extended period through the use of one or more getter-based pumps. The vacuum chamber may include one or more atomic sources depending upon the application.