Methods and systems for promoting hydrogen gas distribution within cellulosic biomass solids during hydrothermal digestion. One exemplary method can comprise providing cellulosic biomass solids in a hydrothermal digestion unit in the presence of a digestion solvent and a slurry catalyst capable of activating molecular hydrogen; and heating the cellulosic biomass solids and the digestion solvent in the presence of molecular hydrogen, thereby forming an alcoholic component derived from the cellulosic biomass solids, at least a portion of the molecular hydrogen being introduced to the hydrothermal digestion unit via a plurality of spaced apart fluid inlets vertically disposed about the height of the hydrothermal digestion unit.

Fluidized bed reactor apparatus, comprising a cylindrical reactor chamber (10), and a rotating shaft (14) equipped with radially extending fluidization units (16) disposed in the reactor chamber (10), said rotating shaft (14) being connected to a drive unit (42). The apparatus further comprising means for feeding fluidizing bed material into the reactor chamber (10), creating a fluidized bed (28) in the reactor chamber (10), means for feeding organic material that shall be processed into the fluidized bed (28) in the reactor chamber (10), and one or more outlets (22,24) for discharge of material, gases and vapors, wherein the process in the reactor chamber (10) is controlled by a control system (40) connected to at least the drive unit (42). The invention also relates to a method for processing organic material using a fluidized bed reactor apparatus.

The invention relates to a chemical synthesis method, the said method comprising Spray Flash Evaporation, also commonly referred to by the corresponding initialism SFE, which comprises the chemical reaction of at least one first compound with at least one second compound, under conditions in which the first compound and the second compound react to form at least one third compound. The invention also relates to a device for implementing this method and the compounds obtained by this method.

Methods and systems for producing isosorbide from biomass are disclosed. In one embodiment, a method of producing isosorbide from biomass may include contacting biomass, a catalyst mixture of a noble metal and a first solid acid, and hydrogen to form a first reaction mixture, and heating the first reaction mixture to form at least one intermediate compound. Further, the intermediate compound is contacted with a second solid acid to form a second reaction mixture, and heating the second reaction mixture to form isosorbide.

A dry hydrogen production device includes: a reactor to which water or vapor is not supplied; heating means configured to heat the reactor to 200 to 800 C.; a supply line for hydroxide of at least one of alkali and alkali earth connected to the reactor; a biomass supply line connected to the reactor; at least one carrier gas supply line connected to the reactor; a gas phase reaction product outflow line connected to the reactor, a solid-gas separator connected to the gas phase reaction product outflow line; and a gas separator connected to the solid-gas separator.

The invention relates to a system for the continuous polymerization of -olefin monomers comprising a reactor, a compressor, a cooling unit and an external pipe, wherein the reactor comprises a first outlet for a top recycle stream, wherein the system comprises apparatus, wherein the reactor comprises a first inlet for receiving a bottom recycle stream, wherein the reactor comprises an integral separator, wherein the first inlet of the integral separator is connected to a first outlet, wherein the first outlet for the liquid phase is connected to the second outlet of the reactor for the liquid phase, wherein the external pipe comprises a second inlet for receiving a solid polymerization catalyst, wherein the first outlet of the external pipe is connected to a second inlet of the reactor, wherein the reactor comprises a third outlet, wherein the system comprises a first inlet for receiving a feed.

A method for producing metal chloride M.sup.x+Clx includes reacting metal carbonate in solid form using phosgene, diphosgene and/or triphosgene to form metal chloride M.sup.x+Clx, wherein the metal M is selected from the group containing alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, Al and Zn, Li and Mg, or Li, for example, and x corresponds to the valency of the metal cations. An apparatus for performing such method is also disclosed.

A reactor system may comprise a moving bed reactor, a fluidized bed reactor, and a separation unit. The moving bed reactor may comprise catalyst material particles comprising a metal oxide support and a transition metal alloy, where the transition metal alloy comprises two transition metal elements. The moving bed reactor may comprise an inlet configured to receive a hydrocarbon and an outlet configured to provide hydrogen (H2) generated within the moving bed reactor. The fluidized bed reactor may be in fluid communication with the moving bed reactor and configured to receive the catalyst material particles and deposited carbon material from the moving bed reactor. The separation unit may be in fluid communication with an outlet of the fluidized bed reactor and configured to separate the catalyst material particles from carbon material and inert gas. The separation unit may be in fluid communication with the moving bed reactor.

Separation methods and systems for converting high concentrations of animal wastes and other nutrient-rich organic materials into nutrients and other useful products such as struvite and potassium struvite. Advantageously, the system and methods do not require the addition of external chemicals other than an acid and a base.

Apparatus for carrying out a catalytic gas-phase olefin polymerization having a first polymerization zone for growing polymer particles to flow upward under fast fluidization or transport conditions, a second polymerization zone for the growing polymer particles to flow downward, and a gas/solid separation zone; wherein the second polymerization zone has an upper part being connected to the separation zone and a lower part being connected to the upper part; wherein the ratio of the height H01 of the separation zone to the diameter D01 of the separation zone is 2.5 to 4.5.