Fuel tank inerting systems are described. The systems include a fuel tank having an inerting system flow path connected to the fuel tank. A catalytic reactor is arranged along the inerting system flow path configured to receive a reactant mixture of first reactant and a second reactant to generate inert gas. A condenser heat exchanger is arranged between the catalytic reactor and the fuel tank to cool an output from the catalytic reactor. A first ejector is configured to receive the first reactant and the second reactant and output the reactant mixture through an outlet. A second ejector is configured to receive an inert gas and the second reactant to output a mixture of the second reactant and the inert gas.

An apparatus for converting a toxic gas to benign substances comprises a housing characterized with multi-stages including a first stage, a second stage, a third stage and a fourth stage coupled to one another in sequence, wherein the first stage comprises a catalytic system configured to convert the toxic gas into its derivatives; the second stage comprises a carbonaceous fibrous material adapted to capture the remaining toxic gas and the derivatives; the third stage comprises at least one oxidizer to oxidize the remaining toxic gas to benign substances including CO.sub.2 and water; and the fourth stage comprises a scrubber configured to remove all of volatile organic compounds or water molecules generated as part of the first and third stages.

Methods and systems for producing vinyl acetate may use flammability limit (FL) formulas with improved efficiencies at more than one location in the vinyl acetate production process. Herein, FLs can be used at one or more of four portions of the vinyl acetate production process: the reactor, the process-to-process heat exchangers, the carbon dioxide removal system, and the ethylene recovery system. Such FLs are functions of operating conditions and include at least one interaction term that represents the interrelation of two or more of the operating conditions (e.g., temperature, pressure, and component concentration) on the FL.

A nitric oxide delivery system, which includes a gas bottle having nitrogen dioxide in air, converts nitrogen dioxide to nitric oxide and employs a surface-active material, such as silica gel, coated with an aqueous solution of antioxidant, such as ascorbic acid. A nitric oxide delivery system may be used to generate therapeutic gas including nitric oxide for use in delivering the therapeutic gas to a mammal.

A methane conversion device is provided that includes a reaction chamber comprising a converter that is configured to oxidize methane. A sensor is provided that is adapted to detect the presence of methane within gas exterior to the methane conversion device. A positioner is provided for positioning the device on an animal.

Methods and apparatus for compact and easily maintainable waste reformation. Some embodiments include a rotary oven reformer adapted and configured to provide synthesis gas from organic waste. Some embodiments include a rotary oven with simplified operation both as to reformation of the waste, usage of the synthesized gas and other products, and easy removal of the finished waste products, preferably in a unit of compact size for use in austere settings. Yet other embodiments include Fischer-Tropsch reactors of synthesized gas. Some of these reactors include heat exchanging assemblies that provide self-cleaning effects, efficient utilization of waste heat, and ease of cleaning.

A methane production system comprises: a reaction tank that produces methane and water by reacting CO and/or CO.sub.2 supplied to the reaction tank with hydrogen; a cleaning tank that is located at an upstream side of the reaction tank in a supply direction of the CO and/or CO.sub.2, and removes water-soluble impurities from a raw material gas including the CO and/or CO.sub.2 and the water-soluble impurities by bringing the raw material gas into contact with water; and a first supply line that supplies the raw material gas from which the water-soluble impurities are removed from the cleaning tank to the reaction tank; and a second supply line supplies water produced in the reaction tank from the reaction tank to the cleaning tank to bring the produced water into contact with the raw material gas in the cleaning tank.

The invention relates to a method and apparatus for producing a product gas from a feed comprising at least carbon dioxide, hydrogen and hydrocarbons. The feed is supplied to a reactor comprising a catalyst, the catalyst is heated electrically, the feed is supplied through the catalyst and a reaction is performed at least between carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) and hydrogen (H.sub.2) in the presence of the catalyst in the reactor, and the product gas comprising at least carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H.sub.2) is formed in the reactor. Further, the invention relates to the use of the method.

A process for manufacturing tetrafluoropropene, including, alternately: at least one step of reacting a chlorinated compound with hydrofluoric acid in the gas phase, in the presence of a fluorination catalyst, the proportion of oxygen optionally present being less than 0.05 mol. % relative to the chlorinated compound; a step of regenerating the fluorination catalyst by bringing the fluorination catalyst into contact with a regeneration stream including an oxidizing agent. Also, equipment suitable for carrying out this process.

A chemical reactor that combines a pressure vessel, heat exchanger, heater, and catalyst holder into a single device is disclosed. The chemical reactor described herein reduces the cost of the reactor and reduces its parasitic heat losses. The disclosed chemical reactor is suitable for use in ammonia (NH.sub.3) synthesis.