An apparatus for biological reactions is provided. The apparatus includes a substrate and a plurality of reaction sites within the substrate. A surface of the substrate is configured to have a first hydrophilicity and each surface of the plurality of reaction sites is configured to have a second hydrophilicity to load a substantial number of reaction sites with a sample volume. The sample volume of each loaded reaction site is substantially confined to its respective reaction site. The sample volume is configured to undergo a biological reaction within the reaction site.

Nucleic acid hybridization buffer formulations and uses thereof are described that yield improvements in hybridization specificity, rate, and efficiency. The buffer formulation composition includes a target nucleic acid; at least one organic solvent having a dielectric constant in the range of no greater than 115; and a pH buffer system, wherein the target nucleic acid is attached to the surface via hybridization to a surface bound nucleic acid tethered to the surface, and wherein the hybridization of the target nucleic acid and surface bound nucleic acid has a high stringency and annealing rate.

Methods, apparatuses, and systems are provided for using laser ablation to manufacture nanoparticles. An example method includes steps of generating, by a laser beam generator, a laser beam, splitting, by a set of beam splitters, the laser beam into a plurality of derivative laser beams, and directing each derivative laser beam towards a plurality of targets. In this example method, the plurality of targets are submerged in corresponding synthesis solvents within corresponding synthesis chambers. Moreover, interaction of each derivative laser beam with its corresponding target releases nanoparticles into the corresponding synthesis solvent to create a nanoparticle solution including both the corresponding synthesis solvent and the released nanoparticles.

A high-throughput hybridization and reading method for biochips uses probes with different marks to specifically connect single nucleotide loci by conducting connection between the probes and target genes at different temperatures, and performing hybridization at the same temperature after the probes are connected, thereby achieving hybridization detection for various loci in a single chip. The method enables fast detection for multiple loci as required by personalized medicine. The detection is high-throughput and systematized and provides highly visualized and highly accurate results. The method allows detection for different loci at different hybridization temperatures to be done simultaneously. The method features highly uniform and repeatable detection, making biochips more efficient and utility in terms of detection. Besides, the chip is easy to prepare and use, thus having a good promotional value.

The disclosed technology relates to systems and methods for nucleic acid sequencing utilizing a single light source and a single detector. The disclosed technology may use the light source to stimulate a fluorescence emission from a polynucleotide and identify a nucleobase in the polynucleotide based on the intensity of the fluorescence emission received by the detector. The disclosed technology may utilize four types of nucleotide analogs which emit light at four distinguishable levels when excited by the light source. In various embodiments, the four types of nucleotide analogs may be coupled to different fluorophores or the same fluorophore with different probabilities or copy numbers.

A peptide synthesis instrument can be used for small scale peptide synthesis. The instrument can include several unique features, including a compression style reaction vessel permitting quick setup of the reaction vessel, a double reaction vessel system permitting efficient mixing without loss of solvent or solvent-to-resin contact, gravity-fed heated reservoirs establishing a fixed volume for delivery to the reaction vessel, fume-free solvent addition permitting solvent addition to fixed bottles, and an improved amino acid manifold assembly which reduces the number of components and increases the ease of use of the instrument. Each of these features improve upon the current state of the art in solid phase automated peptide synthesizers.

An apparatus for biological reactions is provided. The apparatus includes a substrate and a plurality of reaction sites within the substrate. A surface of the substrate is configured to have a first hydrophilicity and each surface of the plurality of reaction sites is configured to have a second hydrophilicity to load a substantial number of reaction sites with a sample volume. The sample volume of each loaded reaction site is substantially confined to its respective reaction site. The sample volume is configured to undergo a biological reaction within the reaction site.

An apparatus for preparing nucleic acid sequences using an enzyme, including a reactor, a plurality of nucleotide material bottles, a deblocking material bottle, and a liquid delivering device. The reactor includes a reaction substrate having a pretreated surface. Each of the nucleotide material bottles is adapted to contain a first reaction solution, and the first reaction solution includes a reaction enzyme and a nucleotide having a terminal protecting group. The deblocking material bottle is adapted to contain a deblocking solution. The liquid delivering device is connected to the reactor, the nucleotide material bottles and the deblocking material bottle. The reaction enzyme is adapted to dispose the nucleotide having the terminal protecting group on the pretreated surface. The reactor has an operating temperature of 45° C.-105° C. A method for preparing nucleic acid sequences using an enzyme of the invention is provided.

Nucleic acid memory strands encoding digital data using a sequence of homopolymer tracts of repeated nucleotides provides a cheaper and faster alternative to conventional digital DNA storage techniques. The use of homopolymer tracts allows for lower fidelity, high throughput sequencing techniques such as nanopore sequencing to read data encoded in the memory strands. Specialized synthesis techniques allow for synthesis of long memory strands capable of encoding large volumes of data despite the reduced data density afforded by homopolymer tracts as compared to conventional single nucleotide sequences.

A method of synthesizing an oligonucleotide using a nanofluidic device including a plurality of nanopore channels, a plurality of electrodes, and an electrolyte solution, includes coupling a primer to an inner wall of a nanopore channel of the plurality of nanopore channels, the primer having a protecting group. The method also includes applying a voltage to an electrode of the plurality of electrodes that corresponds to the nanopore channel to produce an acid from the electrolyte solution at the electrode. The electrode includes an anode and a cathode disposed at opposite sides of the nanopore channel. The method further includes the acid removing the protecting group from the primer. Moreover, the method includes coupling a nucleotide to the primer with the protecting group removed to form an intermediate product. In addition, the method includes repeating the steps on the intermediate product until the oligonucleotide is synthesized.