Disclosed is an apparatus and method for providing asymmetric oscillations to a container. The container may include a fluid, a particle, and/or a gas. A vibration driver attached to the container provides asymmetric oscillations. A controller connected to the vibration driver controls an amplitude, frequency, and shape of the asymmetric oscillations. An amplifier amplifies the asymmetric oscillations in response to the controller. A sensor disposed on the vibration driver provides feedback to the controller.

A system for extracting two dimensional materials from a bulk material by functionalization of the bulk material in a reactor.

A cavitation reactor that may be obtained from a centrifugal pump is described. The reactor comprises a stator and a rotor having at least one centrifugal stage accommodated in a chamber of the stator. Two walls of the centrifugal stage define a gap therebetween, which is divided into compartments in fluid communication with the chamber of the stator at the peripheral portion of the centrifugal stage. The wall of the centrifugal stage that is next to the inlet opening of the chamber of the stator is closed at the central portion of the centrifugal stage, to thereby prevent the flow of fluid from the inlet opening to the peripheral portion of the centrifugal stage through the gap.

A method and apparatus produce materials by exfoliation from a bulk material, by disposing bulk material in suspension in a liquid in a chamber; applying superimposed ultrasound fields in the chamber, the superimposed ultrasound fields generating cavitation in the liquid at least at a zone of field superimposition; measuring cavitation in the chamber while applying the superimposed cavitation fields, at least at the zone of field superimposition; and adjusting at least one of the ultrasound fields on the basis of measured cavitation so as to control cavitation energy applied to the material and thereby to control exfoliation of the bulk material and the formation of materials therefrom. Inertial cavitation is controlled, resulting in significantly greater production yields compared to prior art systems and methods. A high intensity focused ultrasound transducer is provided to impart suspension energy to the liquid in the chamber for suspending bulk material in the zone of field superimposition.

The invention relates to a method for controlling a chemical reaction which creates a product, wherein at least one reactant that is present in a liquid phase is subjected to a pressure change.

Systems and methods for the treatment of plants, including decarboxylation, photo-oxidation, oxidation and/or combinations thereof, of cannabis and hemp plants and oils for biosynthesizing THCA, CBDA, and CBCA from CBGA are disclosed. A cannabinoid compound solution is fed into a cavitation zone of a controlled cavitation apparatus where the cannabinoid compound solution is subjected to cavitation and interaction with UV light for conversion of the cannabinoid compound solution to form a synthesized cannabinoid THC, CBD, CBC, CBG, CBNA, CBEA, CBLA product, or combinations thereof.

Systems and methods for the treatment of plants, including decarboxylation, photooxidation, oxidation and/or combinations thereof, of cannabis and hemp plants and oils for biosynthesizing THCA, CBDA, and CBCA from CBGA are disclosed. A cannabinoid compound solution is fed into a cavitation zone of a controlled cavitation apparatus where the cannabinoid compound solution is subjected to cavitation and interaction with UV light for conversion of the cannabinoid compound solution to form a synthesized cannabinoid THC, CBD, CBC, CBG, CBNA, CBEA, CBLA product, or combinations thereof.

Described is a chemical reactor, in particular of the batch type, including a main body defining a reaction space for chemical processes, a head element configured to hermetically seal the main body, a supporting base designed to contain the main body and a plurality of discretizing elements, which are anchored or can be anchored to the head element and extending inside said main body according to a main direction of extension, configured to discretize the process operations into sub-spaces for releasing activation energy.

The head element is movable in such a way as to form, using said discretizing elements, controlled mixing of the reactions and measurements, preferably density measurements, of the solutions.

A reactor for a chemical reaction, comprising a housing and a reaction chamber, a nozzle member with an inlet for letting at least one reactant flow into the reaction chamber, wherein the nozzle member is mounted in a movable manner relative to the housing, a sensor device and an adjusting device influencing the movement of the nozzle member can be adjusted, a control unit configured for receiving from the sensor device a measurement signal of the sensor device based on the measuring quantity and generating a control signal for the adjusting device depending on the measurement signal.

An apparatus for polymerizing olefins including a polymerization reactor and a vessel system for pre-activating a solid catalyst component, wherein the vessel system is arranged upstream of the polymerization reactor. The vessel system includes a contacting vessel which includes a main portion, a base portion, a head portion, an inlet, an outlet, and a stirrer positioned within the contacting vessel, wherein the ratio (H/D) of the height (H) of the main portion to the diameter (D) of the main portion is 1.8 or greater. The stirrer is located at a position between the inlet and the outlet.