A gas generator for gasification of liquids, e.g. vapour from water, including a main rotor body being rotatably mounted to a static support framework to rotate around a rotor body center axle. The main rotor body having main rotor body channels for guiding a flow of a liquid from a rotor body channel inlet towards a rotor body channel outlet located further away from the rotor body center axle than the rotor body channel inlet so liquid in the rotor body channel is forced towards the rotor body channel outlet by centrifugal forces. The main rotor body has cavitator channels connected to the rotor body channel outlet. The cavitator channels have cavitation element to induce a differentiated pressure within the liquid in the cavitator caused by centrifugal forces induced by the rotation of the main rotor body inducing cavitation of the liquid flowing through the cavitator channels.

A hydrodynamic cavitation unit, disc, or producer for a hydrodynamic cavitation device is provided. The hydrodynamic cavitation device is configured for fluid communication with an inlet conduit and an outlet conduit. The hydrodynamic cavitation unit, disc, or producer includes a body; and a plurality of lumens through the body. Each of the lumens is configured for fluid communication from the inlet conduit, through the body, and to the outlet conduit. A ratio of a total cross-sectional area of the lumens within the hydrodynamic cavitation disc to a cross-sectional area of the inlet conduit is greater than or equal to about 1:1 upstream of a hydrodynamic cavitation promotion zone and constricts below about 1:1 within the hydrodynamic cavitation promotion zone. A cap is located downstream of the inlet conduit and upstream of the hydrodynamic cavitation producer. Related methods of manufacturing, apparatuses, systems, techniques, and articles are also described.

The present disclosure provides a differential hydrogenation reaction apparatus. The apparatus comprises a mixing vessel, a plurality of microreactors and a raw material conveying device, and the mixing vessel is provided with reaction product inlets; each microreactor is used as a hydrogenation reaction place and is provided with a liquid phase reaction raw material inlet and a reaction product outlet, each reaction product outlet is connected with the corresponding reaction product inlet, the plurality of microreactors are divided into one group or a plurality of groups which are arranged in parallel, and each group comprises at least one microreactor arranged in parallel; and the raw material conveying device is arranged on a feeding pipeline of the liquid phase reaction raw material inlet. The problems of high pressure unsafety and non-equilibrium in the hydrogenation reaction process can be effectively solved by adopting the reaction apparatus.

Chemical reactor (10) and method for cracking are disclosed. A process fluid is accelerated with axial impulse impellers (40A, 40B) to a velocity greater than Mach 1 and, in turn, generating a shock wave (90) in the process fluid by decelerating it in a static diffuser (70) having diverging diffuser passages (72). Temperature increase of the process fluid downstream of the shockwave cracks or splits molecules, such as hydrocarbons entrained in the process fluid, in a single pass, through a unidirectional flow path (F), within a single stage, without recirculating the process fluid for another pass through the same stage. In some embodiments, a system involving at least two turbomachine chemical reactors (110) may provide multiple successive stages of one or more axial impulse impellers (40A, 40B), paired with a diverging passage, static diffuser (70).

A method for the continuous production of an improved diesel fuel, having enhanced ignition characteristics, more particularly with a greater electric conductivity, enhanced cetane numbers and lubricity and with greater percentage of complete combustion, resulting in less soot production and NOx reduction at the same time in an internal combustion diesel engine, breaking the tradeoff in the emission of those two pollutants from an internal combustion diesel engine.

A method for making a solid carbon material comprises: delivering a liquid comprising at least one liquid organic compound into a reaction region of a reactor; delivering a gas comprising at least one gaseous organic compound into the reaction region of the reactor; and inducing a chemical reaction between the at least one liquid organic compound and the at least one gaseous organic compound, wherein: the chemical reaction occurs in the reaction region of the reactor; the solid carbon material is made via the reaction; the solid carbon material is made during the reaction in the form of a dispersion comprising the solid carbon material dispersed in the liquid; and the chemical reaction is a homogeneous reaction comprising homogeneous nucleation of the solid carbon material in the reaction region of the reactor.

A method of hydrating a dry powdered viscosifier such as a powdered polymer is disclosed. The method includes mixing the powdered viscosifier with a solvent such as water to form a mixture; moving the mixture through a cavitation zone; inducing energetic shock waves and pressure fluctuations in the mixture by mechanically inducing cavitation events within the mixture, the shock waves and pressure fluctuations untangling, separating, and straightening polymer molecule chains and distributing the chains throughout the mixture, and extracting the resulting hydrated viscosifier from the cavitation zone.

Chemical reactor (10) and method for cracking are disclosed. A process fluid is accelerated with axial impulse impellers (40A, 40B) to a velocity greater than Mach 1 and, in turn, generating a shock wave (90) in the process fluid by decelerating it in a static diffuser (70) having diverging diffuser passages (72). Temperature increase of the process fluid downstream of the shockwave cracks or splits molecules, such as hydrocarbons entrained in the process fluid, in a single pass, through a unidirectional flow path (F), within a single stage, without recirculating the process fluid for another pass through the same stage. In some embodiments, a system involving at least two turbomachine chemical reactors (110) may provide multiple successive stages of one or more axial impulse impellers (40A, 40B), paired with a diverging passage, static diffuser (70).

The invention relates to an exfoliation method according to which a fluid loaded with particles flows at a first flow rate into a first (2), and then into a second, section of a pipe (1), the first flow rate being suitable for generating shear stresses and cavitation bubbles in the fluid as it passes through the first section (2) of the pipe (1), the second section (3) having a hydraulic diameter suitable for bringing about an implosion of cavitation bubbles as soon as the fluid exits the first section (2) and flows into the second section (3), so that an exfoliation of the particles is brought about under the combined action of the shear stresses and a shock wave generated by the implosion of the cavitation bubbles, the first section (2) having a hydraulic diameter less than 300 μm.

A hydrodynamic cavitation unit for a hydrodynamic cavitation device is provided. The hydrodynamic cavitation device is configured for fluid communication with an inlet conduit and an outlet conduit and may include an expansion chamber downstream of the inlet conduit. The hydrodynamic cavitation unit includes a body; and a plurality of lumens through the body. Each of the lumens is configured for fluid communication from the inlet conduit, through the body, and to the outlet conduit. A ratio of a total cross-sectional area of the lumens to a cross-sectional area of the inlet conduit is about 1:1 in at least a first point in the body, less than 1:1 in at least a second point in the body, and greater than 1:1 in at least a third point in the body. The hydrodynamic cavitation unit may include a cap or a vortex unit including the cap. The vortex unit may extend into the expansion chamber. The at least one lumen may include a constriction relative to the inlet conduit. Related apparatuses, systems, techniques, and articles are also described.