Methods for operating a high pressure olefin polymerization reactor include the steps of introducing an initiator stream containing ethylene and an initiator compound through an initiator nozzle into the reactor, introducing an olefin stream containing ethylene and an optional comonomer through an olefin nozzle into the reactor, and polymerizing ethylene and optionally the comonomer in the presence of the initiator stream in the reactor under high pressure polymerization conditions to produce an ethylene polymer. The amount of ethylene in the initiator stream is from 0.01 to 2 wt. % of the amount of ethylene in the olefin stream. An injection nozzle that can be used in conjunction with the high pressure reactor also is described.

An exhaust gas aftertreatment system includes a housing assembly and a reductant delivery system. The housing assembly includes an upstream housing, a first inlet tube, a second inlet tube, and a mixing housing. The first inlet tube is coupled to the upstream housing and configured to receive a first portion of exhaust gas from the upstream housing. The second inlet tube is coupled to the upstream housing and configured to receive a second portion of the exhaust gas from the upstream housing. The mixing housing is coupled to the first inlet tube and the second inlet tube. The mixing housing is configured to receive the first portion of the exhaust gas from the first inlet tube and receive the second portion of the exhaust gas from the second inlet tube. The mixing housing is separated from the upstream housing by the first inlet tube and the second inlet tube.

An exhaust gas aftertreatment system includes a housing assembly and a reductant delivery system. The housing assembly includes an upstream housing, a first inlet tube, a second inlet tube, and a mixing housing. The first inlet tube is coupled to the upstream housing and configured to receive a first portion of exhaust gas from the upstream housing. The second inlet tube is coupled to the upstream housing and configured to receive a second portion of the exhaust gas from the upstream housing. The mixing housing is coupled to the first inlet tube and the second inlet tube. The mixing housing is configured to receive the first portion of the exhaust gas from the first inlet tube and receive the second portion of the exhaust gas from the second inlet tube. The mixing housing is separated from the upstream housing by the first inlet tube and the second inlet tube.

An apparatus and method for manufacturing solid particles based on inert gas evaporation. The method includes forming a continuous gaseous feed flow, and injecting the continuous gaseous feed flow through an inlet into a free-space region of a reactor chamber in the form of a feed jet flow, and forming at least one continuous jet flow of a cooling fluid and injecting the at least one jet flow of cooling fluid into the reaction chamber. The feed jet flow is made by passing the feed flow at a pressure above the reactor chamber pressure in the range from 0.01.Math.10.sup.5 to 20.Math.10.sup.5 Pa through an injection nozzle. The jet flow of cooling fluid is made by passing the cooling fluid through an injection nozzle which directs the jet flow of cooling fluid such that it intersects the feed jet flow with an intersection angle between 30 and 150°.

An apparatus and method for manufacturing solid particles based on inert gas evaporation. The method includes forming a continuous gaseous feed flow, and injecting the continuous gaseous feed flow through an inlet into a free-space region of a reactor chamber in the form of a feed jet flow, and forming at least one continuous jet flow of a cooling fluid and injecting the at least one jet flow of cooling fluid into the reaction chamber. The feed jet flow is made by passing the feed flow at a pressure above the reactor chamber pressure in the range from 0.01.Math.10.sup.5 to 20.Math.10.sup.5 Pa through an injection nozzle. The jet flow of cooling fluid is made by passing the cooling fluid through an injection nozzle which directs the jet flow of cooling fluid such that it intersects the feed jet flow with an intersection angle between 30 and 150°.

A mixing chamber is loaded with a first fluid. While a volume of the first fluid within the mixing chamber is constant, first and second streams of a second fluid are injected into the mixing chamber along first and second injection directions. As a result of injecting the first and second streams of the second fluid into the mixing chamber, the first and second streams of the second fluid impinge one another so as to generate within the mixing chamber at least one further stream of the second fluid that mixes with the first fluid and that flows in a direction different to the first and second injection directions.

A processing system and method of producing a particulate material are provided. The processing system includes a system inlet connected to one or more gas lines to deliver one or more gases into the processing system, a buffer chamber, a dispersion chamber, a heating assembly, a reaction chamber and a system outlet for delivering particulate material out of the processing system. The method includes delivering one or more gases via a system inlet into a buffer chamber of a processing system, jetting a liquid mixture into one or more streams of droplets using one or more power jet modules into the processing system, delivering flows of one or more heated gases via a heating assembly, forming a reaction mixture and processing the reaction mixture at a reaction temperature into a product material inside the reaction chamber.

A processing system and method of producing a particulate material are provided. The processing system includes a system inlet connected to one or more gas lines to deliver one or more gases into the processing system, a buffer chamber, a dispersion chamber, a heating assembly, a reaction chamber and a system outlet for delivering particulate material out of the processing system. The method includes delivering one or more gases via a system inlet into a buffer chamber of a processing system, jetting a liquid mixture into one or more streams of droplets using one or more power jet modules into the processing system, delivering flows of one or more heated gases via a heating assembly, forming a reaction mixture and processing the reaction mixture at a reaction temperature into a product material inside the reaction chamber.

A method and device for producing polyphosphoric acid burns a fuel in combustion air in a combustion chamber, sprays a spray fluid comprising substantially pure orthophosphoric acid and undertakes polymerization-condensation of the pure orthophosphoric acid. A polyphosphoric acid in the form of an acid mist accompanied by formation of gases which mix with combustion gases resulting from burning of the fuel is formed to reach a predetermined temperature, wherein the mixture causes sudden lowering of combustion gas temperature. The acid mix is separated from the gas mixture and the polyphosphoric acid is collected at a bottom of the combustion chamber and the gas mixture is outputted via a lower part of the combustion chamber separate from the collection of polyphosphoric acid.

A method and device for producing polyphosphoric acid burns a fuel in combustion air in a combustion chamber, sprays a spray fluid comprising substantially pure orthophosphoric acid and undertakes polymerization-condensation of the pure orthophosphoric acid. A polyphosphoric acid in the form of an acid mist accompanied by formation of gases which mix with combustion gases resulting from burning of the fuel is formed to reach a predetermined temperature, wherein the mixture causes sudden lowering of combustion gas temperature. The acid mix is separated from the gas mixture and the polyphosphoric acid is collected at a bottom of the combustion chamber and the gas mixture is outputted via a lower part of the combustion chamber separate from the collection of polyphosphoric acid.