Methods and systems for removing impurities from a molten salt stream are provided. A molten salt stream is provided that comprises a mixture of compounds selected from the group consisting of LiF, BeF.sub.2, and NaF, and ZrF.sub.4. The molten salt stream is flowed through a loop that may contain a precipitation filter, electrochemical potential, and/or a sparger, which thereby remove impurities in the molten salt stream. Various physical methods and apparatus are used to control the ability to remove impurities from the molten salt stream based on temperature, solubility, and general chemistry control.

A carrier element (1; 10; 20) for growth of biofilm thereon is designed for free-flowing in liquid to be purified and has surfaces (3; 13) for biofilm growth which are protected from the abrasion from other carrier elements or surfaces in a container containing the liquid to be purified by ridges (4; 12) having a height corresponding to a desired thickness of a biofilm intended to grow on the protected surfaces (3; 13). The ratio between the surfaces (3; 13) for biofilm growth and the area of the ridges ranges from 1:1 to 1:20.

A carrier element (1; 10; 20) for growth of biofilm thereon is designed for free-flowing in liquid to be purified and has surfaces (3; 13) for biofilm growth which are protected from the abrasion from other carrier elements or surfaces in a container containing the liquid to be purified by ridges (4; 12) having a height corresponding to a desired thickness of a biofilm intended to grow on the protected surfaces (3; 13). The ratio between the surfaces (3; 13) for biofilm growth and the area of the ridges ranges from 1:1 to 1:20.

The present invention relates to reactor tubes packed with a catalyst system employed to deliberately bias process gas flow toward the hot tube segment and away from the cold segment in order to reduce the circumferential tube temperature variation.

The present invention relates to reactor tubes packed with a catalyst system employed to deliberately bias process gas flow toward the hot tube segment and away from the cold segment in order to reduce the circumferential tube temperature variation.

Disclosed are techniques to mimic turbulent-enhanced reactivity under confinement by the addition of dilute high molecular weight polymers. Micro-scale imaging within a transparent porous medium reveals an elastic instability (EI), which drives chaotic fluctuations that stretch and fold solute blobs exponentially in time analogous to turbulent Batchelor mixing, despite the low Re. A reduction in the required mixing length can be observed, suggesting a cooperation between the elastic instability and the dispersion inherent to the disordered 3D porous mediawhich can be modeled as additive independent mixing rates, representing a dramatic conceptual simplification. The disclosed enhanced transport of solutes circumvents the traditional trade-off between throughput and reactor length, allowing a simultaneous large reduction in length and increases in throughput. Elastic flow instabilities can provide turbulent-like enhancements in chemical reaction rates, which can operate cooperatively with dispersive mixing in industrially relevant geometries.

Disclosed are techniques to mimic turbulent-enhanced reactivity under confinement by the addition of dilute high molecular weight polymers. Micro-scale imaging within a transparent porous medium reveals an elastic instability (EI), which drives chaotic fluctuations that stretch and fold solute blobs exponentially in time analogous to turbulent Batchelor mixing, despite the low Re. A reduction in the required mixing length can be observed, suggesting a cooperation between the elastic instability and the dispersion inherent to the disordered 3D porous mediawhich can be modeled as additive independent mixing rates, representing a dramatic conceptual simplification. The disclosed enhanced transport of solutes circumvents the traditional trade-off between throughput and reactor length, allowing a simultaneous large reduction in length and increases in throughput. Elastic flow instabilities can provide turbulent-like enhancements in chemical reaction rates, which can operate cooperatively with dispersive mixing in industrially relevant geometries.

The present disclosure relates to a process for acid-catalyzed decomposition of aryl -hydroperoxide with a continuous flow tubular reactor. The process is a novel process performed in a tubular reactor, taking the aryl -hydroperoxide such as cumene hydroperoxide (CHP) as a raw material and taking acids as a catalyst, performing acid-catalyzed decomposition of the aryl -hydroperoxide solution in a short reaction time ranging from tens of seconds to several minutes, thereby obtaining the phenols; wherein an inert component may be filled in the reactor, so that the effects of heat transmission and mass transfer can be enhanced. The aryl -hydroperoxide and acid are respectively introduced by a metering pump into a mixing module to be mixed, and then enter the tubular reactor to be reacted so as to produce the products such as phenols.

The present disclosure relates to a process for acid-catalyzed decomposition of aryl -hydroperoxide with a continuous flow tubular reactor. The process is a novel process performed in a tubular reactor, taking the aryl -hydroperoxide such as cumene hydroperoxide (CHP) as a raw material and taking acids as a catalyst, performing acid-catalyzed decomposition of the aryl -hydroperoxide solution in a short reaction time ranging from tens of seconds to several minutes, thereby obtaining the phenols; wherein an inert component may be filled in the reactor, so that the effects of heat transmission and mass transfer can be enhanced. The aryl -hydroperoxide and acid are respectively introduced by a metering pump into a mixing module to be mixed, and then enter the tubular reactor to be reacted so as to produce the products such as phenols.

Mass transfer packing with a minimal surface or a triply periodic minimal surface which enables significantly improved performance for separation and mixing applications particularly with respect to distillation, liquid-liquid contacting, and heat exchange applications.