An endotoxin adsorbent comprising a crystalline cellulose having a nitrogen atom-containing cationic group can sufficiently remove endotoxin from a material containing endotoxin to be removed and containing a substance having a cationic group and can efficiently remove endotoxin also from a highly viscous material. The nitrogen atom-containing cationic group may be typically a functional group derived from a polyvalent amine and/or a quaternary ammonium salt. The crystalline cellulose having a nitrogen atom-containing cationic group may comprise the nitrogen atom-containing cationic group at a content of 0.05 to 3 meq/dry.Math.g in terms of anion exchange capacity.

A use of organofunctionalized mesoporous silica for the production of recycled paper; the organofunctionalized mesoporous silica comprises a base mesoporous silica having, on its surface, groups having the following general formula (I), wherein Si.sup.1 is a silicon atom of the base mesoporous silica, R.sup.1 is a C.sub.1-C.sub.5 aliphatic; R.sup.2 is chosen in the group consisting of: a C.sub.1-C.sub.5 aliphatic and an oxygen atom bound with a silicon atom of the base mesoporous silica; and R.sup.3 is chosen in the group consisting of: a hydroxyl, a C.sub.1-C.sub.5 aliphatic and an oxygen atom bound with a silicon atom of the base mesoporous silica (I). ##STR00001##

A use of organofunctionalized mesoporous silica for the production of recycled paper; the organofunctionalized mesoporous silica comprises a base mesoporous silica having, on its surface, groups having the following general formula (I), wherein Si.sup.1 is a silicon atom of the base mesoporous silica, R.sup.1 is a C.sub.1-C.sub.5 aliphatic; R.sup.2 is chosen in the group consisting of: a C.sub.1-C.sub.5 aliphatic and an oxygen atom bound with a silicon atom of the base mesoporous silica; and R.sup.3 is chosen in the group consisting of: a hydroxyl, a C.sub.1-C.sub.5 aliphatic and an oxygen atom bound with a silicon atom of the base mesoporous silica (I). ##STR00001##

Siloxane compounds are removed from the atmospheres by silica supporting an organic sulfonic acid compound. The silica with the organic sulfonic acid compound has a specific surface area down to 500 m.sup.2/g and up to 750 m.sup.2/g and a pore volume down to 0.8 m.sup.3/g and up to 1.2 m.sup.3/g, both measured by nitrogen gas adsorption method and has a pore diameter down to 4 nm and up to 8 nm, at the peak of differential pore volume measured by nitrogen gas adsorption method. The durability of gas sensing element against siloxanes is improved.

Siloxane compounds are removed from the atmospheres by silica supporting an organic sulfonic acid compound. The silica with the organic sulfonic acid compound has a specific surface area down to 500 m.sup.2/g and up to 750 m.sup.2/g and a pore volume down to 0.8 m.sup.3/g and up to 1.2 m.sup.3/g, both measured by nitrogen gas adsorption method and has a pore diameter down to 4 nm and up to 8 nm, at the peak of differential pore volume measured by nitrogen gas adsorption method. The durability of gas sensing element against siloxanes is improved.

Various embodiments disclosed relate to sorbents for the oxidation and removal of mercury. The present invention includes removing mercury from a mercury-containing gas using a halide-promoted and optionally ammonium-protected sorbent that can include carbon sorbent, non-carbon sorbent, or a combination thereof.

A highly adsorptive structure includes: a substrate; and a metal-organic framework (MOF) comprising a plurality of metal atoms coordinated to a plurality of organic spacer molecules; wherein the MOF is coupled to at least one surface of the substrate, wherein the MOF is configured to adsorb and desorb a refrigerant under predetermined thermodynamic conditions. The refrigerant includes one or more materials selected from the group consisting of: acid halides, alcohols, aldehydes, amines, chlorofluorocarbons, esters, ethers, fluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, halocarbons, halogenated aldehydes, halogenated amines, halogenated hydrocarbons, halomethanes, hydrocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, hydrofluoroethers, hydrofluoroolefins, inorganic gases, ketones, nitrocarbon compounds, noble gases, organochlorine compounds, organofluorine compounds, organophosphorous compounds, organosilicon compounds, oxide gases, refrigerant blends and thiols.

A stacked sorbent assembly for use in sorbent dialysis. The stacked sorbent assembly contains two or more interchangeable sorbent pouches that allow for fluid to freely pass into and through the sorbent materials, while keeping the sorbent materials inside the sorbent pouches. Any of the pouches in the sorbent cartridge can be reused and/or recharged.

A stacked sorbent assembly for use in sorbent dialysis. The stacked sorbent assembly contains two or more interchangeable sorbent pouches that allow for fluid to freely pass into and through the sorbent materials, while keeping the sorbent materials inside the sorbent pouches. Any of the pouches in the sorbent cartridge can be reused and/or recharged.

A nitric oxide generator generates nitric oxide from a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen such as air treated by a pulsating electrical discharge. The desired concentration of nitric oxide is obtained by controlling at least one of a frequency of the pulsating electrical discharge and duration of each electrical discharge pulse.