A method for preparing C.sub.2 to C.sub.5 paraffins including introducing a feed stream of hydrogen gas and a carbon-containing gas selected from carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and mixtures thereof into a reaction zone of a reactor. Converting the feed stream into a product stream that includes C.sub.2 to C.sub.5 paraffins in the reaction zone in the presence of a hybrid catalyst. The hybrid catalyst including a microporous catalyst component; and a metal oxide catalyst component. The metal oxide catalyst component including a metal component present on a metal oxide support material. The metal oxide support material includes at least one oxide of a metal selected from Group 4 of the IUPAC periodic table of elements. The product stream has a C.sub.3/C.sub.2 carbon molar ratio greater than or equal to 4.0.

A catalyst composition includes a liquid metal alloy having a melting point from about 20° C. to about 25° C., the liquid metal alloy including a primary metal and a secondary metal, the primary metal being aluminum and the secondary metal is selected from the group consisting of gallium, indium, and bismuth.

A catalyst composition includes a liquid metal alloy having a melting point from about 20° C. to about 25° C., the liquid metal alloy including a primary metal and a secondary metal, the primary metal being aluminum and the secondary metal is selected from the group consisting of gallium, indium, and bismuth.

A process for preparing C.sub.2 to C.sub.4 olefins includes introducing a feed stream comprising hydrogen gas and a carbon-containing gas selected from carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and mixtures thereof into a reaction zone of a reactor. The feed stream is converted into a product stream including C.sub.2 to C.sub.4 olefins in the reaction zone in the presence of the hybrid catalyst. The hybrid catalyst includes a metal oxide catalyst component comprising gallium oxide and phase pure zirconia, and a microporous catalyst component.

A process for preparing C.sub.2 to C.sub.4 olefins includes introducing a feed stream comprising hydrogen gas and a carbon-containing gas selected from carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and mixtures thereof into a reaction zone of a reactor. The feed stream is converted into a product stream including C.sub.2 to C.sub.4 olefins in the reaction zone in the presence of the hybrid catalyst. The hybrid catalyst includes a metal oxide catalyst component comprising gallium oxide and phase pure zirconia, and a microporous catalyst component.

A method for preparing C.sub.2 to C.sub.5 paraffins includes introducing a feed stream including hydrogen gas and a carbon-containing gas selected from carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and mixtures thereof into a reaction zone of a reactor. Converting the feed stream into a product stream including C.sub.2 to C.sub.5 paraffins in the presence of a hybrid catalyst. The hybrid catalyst includes a microporous catalyst component; and a metal oxide catalyst component selected from (A) a bulk material consisting of gallium oxide, (B) gallium oxide present on a titanium dioxide support material, and (C) a mixture of gallium oxide and at least one promoter present on a support material selected from Group 4 of the IUPAC periodic table of elements.

A method for preparing C.sub.2 to C.sub.5 paraffins includes introducing a feed stream including hydrogen gas and a carbon-containing gas selected from carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and mixtures thereof into a reaction zone of a reactor. Converting the feed stream into a product stream including C.sub.2 to C.sub.5 paraffins in the presence of a hybrid catalyst. The hybrid catalyst includes a microporous catalyst component; and a metal oxide catalyst component selected from (A) a bulk material consisting of gallium oxide, (B) gallium oxide present on a titanium dioxide support material, and (C) a mixture of gallium oxide and at least one promoter present on a support material selected from Group 4 of the IUPAC periodic table of elements.

Embodiments of the present disclosure describe pre-catalysts comprising including one or more of indium oxide, indium hydroxide, indium oxyhydroxide, an active oxide, and a refractory oxide. Embodiments of the present disclosure also describe method of making pre-catalysts based on one or more of impregnation, precipitation or co-precipitation, ball milling, and metal-organic framework (MOF)-mediated synthesis. Embodiments of the present disclosure further describe methods of activating pre-catalysts and synthesizing one or more of methanol and olefins using catalysts obtained from the pre-catalysts.

A degradation method of thermosetting resin is provided. The method includes the following steps, for example, a first resin composition is provided. The resin in the first resin composition includes a carbon-nitrogen bond, an ether bond, an ester bond or a combination thereof. The first resin composition and a catalyst composition are mixed to perform a degradation reaction to form a second resin composition. The catalyst composition includes a transition metal compound and a group IIIA metal compound. The second resin composition includes a resin monomer or an oligomer thereof having functional groups. The functional group includes an amine group, a hydroxyl group, an ester group, an acid group or a combination thereof. A catalyst composition used in the degradation method and a resin composition obtained by the degradation method are also provided.

A degradation method of thermosetting resin is provided. The method includes the following steps, for example, a first resin composition is provided. The resin in the first resin composition includes a carbon-nitrogen bond, an ether bond, an ester bond or a combination thereof. The first resin composition and a catalyst composition are mixed to perform a degradation reaction to form a second resin composition. The catalyst composition includes a transition metal compound and a group IIIA metal compound. The second resin composition includes a resin monomer or an oligomer thereof having functional groups. The functional group includes an amine group, a hydroxyl group, an ester group, an acid group or a combination thereof. A catalyst composition used in the degradation method and a resin composition obtained by the degradation method are also provided.