A reactor system may comprise a housing; and a condensation catalyst layer within the housing comprising a condensation catalyst comprised of at least one of a base-substituted zeolite, a stannous salt, or a phosphonitrile chloride. The condensation catalyst layer may be configured to catalyze a condensation reaction of a plurality of silane diols in water flowing through the housing into a plurality of siloxanes.

This disclosure provides for routes of synthesis of acrylic acid and other ,-unsaturated carboxylic acids and their salts, including catalytic methods. For example, there is provided a process for producing an ,-unsaturated carboxylic acid or a salt thereof, the process comprising: (1) contacting in any order, a group 8-11 transition metal precursor, an olefin, carbon dioxide, a diluent, and a metal-treated chemically-modified solid oxide such as a sulfur oxoacid anion-modified solid oxide, a phosphorus oxoacid anion-modified solid oxide, or a halide ion-modified solid oxide, to provide a reaction mixture; and (2) applying reaction conditions to the reaction mixture suitable to produce the ,-unsaturated carboxylic acid or the salt thereof. Methods of regenerating the metal-treated chemically-modified solid oxide are described.

This disclosure provides for routes of synthesis of acrylic acid and other ,-unsaturated carboxylic acids and their salts, including catalytic methods. For example, there is provided a process for producing an ,-unsaturated carboxylic acid or a salt thereof, the process comprising: (1) contacting in any order, a group 8-11 transition metal precursor, an olefin, carbon dioxide, a diluent, and a metal-treated chemically-modified solid oxide such as a sulfur oxoacid anion-modified solid oxide, a phosphorus oxoacid anion-modified solid oxide, or a halide ion-modified solid oxide, to provide a reaction mixture; and (2) applying reaction conditions to the reaction mixture suitable to produce the ,-unsaturated carboxylic acid or the salt thereof. Methods of regenerating the metal-treated chemically-modified solid oxide are described.

Reactions that directly install nitrogen into CH bonds of complex molecules are significant because of their potential to change the chemical and biological properties of a given compound. Selective intramolecular CH amination reactions that achieve high levels of reactivity, while maintaining excellent site-selectivity and functional-group tolerance is a challenging problem. Herein is reported a manganese perchlorophthalocyanine catalyst [Mn.sup.III(ClPc)] for intermolecular benzylic CH amination of bioactive molecules and natural products that proceeds with unprecedented levels of reactivity and site-selectivity. In the presence of Brnsted or Lewis acid, the [Mn.sup.III(ClPc)]-catalyzed CH amination demonstrates unique tolerance for tertiary amine, pyridine and benzimidazole functionalities. Mechanistic studies indicate that CH amination proceeds through an electrophilic metallonitrene intermediate via a stepwise pathway where CH cleavage is the rate-determining step of the reaction. Collectively these mechanistic features contrast previous base-metal catalyzed CH aminations. The catalyst can be a compound of Formula I: ##STR00001##

Reactions that directly install nitrogen into CH bonds of complex molecules are significant because of their potential to change the chemical and biological properties of a given compound. Selective intramolecular CH amination reactions that achieve high levels of reactivity, while maintaining excellent site-selectivity and functional-group tolerance is a challenging problem. Herein is reported a manganese perchlorophthalocyanine catalyst [Mn.sup.III(ClPc)] for intermolecular benzylic CH amination of bioactive molecules and natural products that proceeds with unprecedented levels of reactivity and site-selectivity. In the presence of Brnsted or Lewis acid, the [Mn.sup.III(ClPc)]-catalyzed CH amination demonstrates unique tolerance for tertiary amine, pyridine and benzimidazole functionalities. Mechanistic studies indicate that CH amination proceeds through an electrophilic metallonitrene intermediate via a stepwise pathway where CH cleavage is the rate-determining step of the reaction. Collectively these mechanistic features contrast previous base-metal catalyzed CH aminations. The catalyst can be a compound of Formula I: ##STR00001##

The invention relates to a mounting member for wrapping and mounting a pollution control element in a casing of a pollution control device, the mounting member comprising: inorganic fiber material; and inorganic particles, wherein the inorganic particles are distributed throughout most of the mat and comprise an average diameter of 800 nm to 15000 nm (DV 50), preferably of 1000 nm to 15000 nm (DV 50) measured according to DIN ISO 13320.

The present disclosure discloses an immobilized metalloporphyrin catalyst and its utilization in maleic acid preparation, belonging to the technical field of metalloporphyrin catalytic application. The immobilized metalloporphyrin catalyst is used for catalyzing furfural to prepare maleic acid and is good in catalytic effect, mild in reaction conditions and capable of greatly reducing the energy consumption required in the prior art. The catalyst disclosed by the present disclosure can provide a good microenvironment for a reaction, so that the yield and selectivity of maleic acid are increased; and according to a method disclosed by the present disclosure, the conversion ratio of furfural is 20.4%-95.6%, the yield of maleic acid is 10%-56.1%, and the selectivity is 43.6%-76.1%. Meanwhile, the catalyst is easy to separate and environmentally friendly and may be recycled for many times.

The present disclosure discloses an immobilized metalloporphyrin catalyst and its utilization in maleic acid preparation, belonging to the technical field of metalloporphyrin catalytic application. The immobilized metalloporphyrin catalyst is used for catalyzing furfural to prepare maleic acid and is good in catalytic effect, mild in reaction conditions and capable of greatly reducing the energy consumption required in the prior art. The catalyst disclosed by the present disclosure can provide a good microenvironment for a reaction, so that the yield and selectivity of maleic acid are increased; and according to a method disclosed by the present disclosure, the conversion ratio of furfural is 20.4%-95.6%, the yield of maleic acid is 10%-56.1%, and the selectivity is 43.6%-76.1%. Meanwhile, the catalyst is easy to separate and environmentally friendly and may be recycled for many times.

The present invention refers to processes for catalytic reversible alkene-nitrile interconversion through controllable HCN-free transfer hydrocyanation.

The present invention refers to processes for catalytic reversible alkene-nitrile interconversion through controllable HCN-free transfer hydrocyanation.