Disclosed herein are systems for electron catalyzed molecular recognition and methods of making and using the same. The system comprises an electron source for providing an electron, a redox-active substrate capable of accepting the electron from the electron source, and a catalytic intermediate formed noncovalently from the substrate and a second molecule, wherein the energy barrier for forming the catalytic intermediate is decreased by the redox-active substrate accepting the electron from the electron source.

Lignocellulosic starting materials can be converted into an organic liquefaction product in a hydroliquefaction process by subjecting a mixture of a lignocellulosic starting material, an amorphous and unsupported sulfided nickel-molybdenum catalyst and a co-feed, to not less than a stoichiometric amount of hydrogen, elevated pressure and a temperature within the range of from 270 C. and up to but not including 350 C.

Lignocellulosic starting materials can be converted into an organic liquefaction product in a hydroliquefaction process by subjecting a mixture of a lignocellulosic starting material, an amorphous and unsupported sulfided nickel-molybdenum catalyst and a co-feed, to not less than a stoichiometric amount of hydrogen, elevated pressure and a temperature within the range of from 270 C. and up to but not including 350 C.

An electrocatalyst composition is provided. The electrocatalyst composition includes a carrier and active substances, including zinc and bismuth, deposited on the surface of the carrier. The weight ratio of zinc to bismuth is between 0.001 and 0.025. The surface of bismuth includes completely oxidized bismuth (Bi.sup.3+) and incompletely oxidized bismuth (Bi.sup.2+), and the ratio of the incompletely oxidized bismuth to the completely oxidized bismuth is between 0.005 and 0.25.

An electrocatalyst composition is provided. The electrocatalyst composition includes a carrier and active substances, including zinc and bismuth, deposited on the surface of the carrier. The weight ratio of zinc to bismuth is between 0.001 and 0.025. The surface of bismuth includes completely oxidized bismuth (Bi.sup.3+) and incompletely oxidized bismuth (Bi.sup.2+), and the ratio of the incompletely oxidized bismuth to the completely oxidized bismuth is between 0.005 and 0.25.

The present embodiments relate generally to electrochemical processes and more particularly to methods and apparatuses for high-performance alkaline water electrolysis and renewable fuel generation. One or more embodiments relate to a unique core-shell structure (A@BOxHy) in which the amorphous or nanoporous shell structure (BOxHy) can significantly enhance reaction kinetics and allow selective transport of certain feedstock while protecting the core catalysts (A) from competitive adsorption and morphology degradation, leading to both optimized activity and durability.

The present embodiments relate generally to electrochemical processes and more particularly to methods and apparatuses for high-performance alkaline water electrolysis and renewable fuel generation. One or more embodiments relate to a unique core-shell structure (A@BOxHy) in which the amorphous or nanoporous shell structure (BOxHy) can significantly enhance reaction kinetics and allow selective transport of certain feedstock while protecting the core catalysts (A) from competitive adsorption and morphology degradation, leading to both optimized activity and durability.

Disclosed herein is a chromium oxide catalyst composition having reduced levels of chromium (VI), methods of making a chromium oxide catalyst composition and system, and illustrative uses of the chromium oxide catalyst composition and system. The catalyst disclosed may be a gel and may comprise chromium(III) oxide and chromium(VI) oxide at an amount of about 10,000 ppm or less based on total chromium oxide contents in the chromium oxide catalyst composition.

Disclosed herein is a chromium oxide catalyst composition having reduced levels of chromium (VI), methods of making a chromium oxide catalyst composition and system, and illustrative uses of the chromium oxide catalyst composition and system. The catalyst disclosed may be a gel and may comprise chromium(III) oxide and chromium(VI) oxide at an amount of about 10,000 ppm or less based on total chromium oxide contents in the chromium oxide catalyst composition.

The disclosure relates to various compositions, related systems and articles, and methods of making and using the same. In some aspects, the disclosure relates to compositions containing a nanostructured organic compound, compositions containing an organic compound and a metal-organic framework embedded within the organic compound, and compositions containing an organic compound that is at least partially crystalline and a crystalline metal oxide distributed within the organic compound, as well as related methods of making (e.g., methods of depolymerizing polymers), methods of use (e.g., energy storage, contamination removal), articles (e.g., electrodes), and systems (e.g., energy storage systems, systems containing such energy storage systems) from the compositions of the disclosure. In some aspects, the disclosure relates to a composition that includes a silicon-containing material and a polymer made of imide monomers, as well as related systems and articles, and methods of making and using the same.