The present technology is directed to processes for conversion of synthesis gas in a tubular reactor to produce a synthetic product that utilizes high activity carbon monoxide hydrogenation catalysts and a heat transfer structure that surprisingly provides for higher per pass conversion with high selectivity for the desired synthetic product without thermal runaway.

CeO.sub.2 nanoparticles having a copper domain disposed on at least a portion of the nanoparticle. The material can catalyze a nitrogen oxide decomposition, such as a deN.sub.xO.sub.y reaction. Methods of making and using the material are also provided.

Redox catalysts are provided for “low-temperature” methane partial oxidation in absence of gaseous oxidants. Methods of converting the methane to syngas using the catalysts are also provided. In some aspects, the conversion takes place at temperatures of about 400° C. to about 950° C. The methods can be used to convert methane to syngas containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen gas. In some aspects, the methods are carried out in a fixed bed reactor with reverse flow.

A counter-current catalyst regenerator with at least two stages of counter-current contact is proposed. Each stage may comprise a permeable barrier that allows upward passage of oxygen-containing gas and downward passage of coked catalyst into each stage, but inhibits upward movement of catalyst to mitigate back mixing and approximate true counter-current contact and efficient combustion of coke from catalyst.

A counter-current catalyst regenerator with at least two stages of counter-current contact is proposed. Each stage may comprise a permeable barrier that allows upward passage of oxygen-containing gas and downward passage of coked catalyst into each stage, but inhibits upward movement of catalyst to mitigate back mixing and approximate true counter-current contact and efficient combustion of coke from catalyst.

Some embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a method of regenerating at least one filter medium comprising: providing at least one filter medium, wherein the at least one filter medium comprises: at least one catalyst material; and ammonium bisulfate (ABS) deposits, ammonium sulfate (AS) deposits, or any combination thereof; flowing a flue gas stream transverse to a cross-section of a filter medium, such that the flue gas stream passes through the cross section of the at least one filter medium, wherein the flue gas stream comprises: NOx compounds comprising: Nitric Oxide (NO), and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO.sub.2); and increasing an NOx removal efficiency of the at least one filter medium after removal of deposits.

Disclosed is a method of treating spent equilibrium catalyst (ECAT) for reuse, in which a quantity of spent ECAT comprising hydrophilic particles with differing levels of metal contamination is disposed into a reactor and treated to form carbon nanotubes on the particles having metal contamination, thereby rendering at least a portion of the spent ECAT particles hydrophobic; the hydrophobic particles can then be separated from the hydrophilic particles. Also disclosed is a method of remediating an oil spill using a carbon nanotube sponge material.

Disclosed is a method of treating spent equilibrium catalyst (ECAT) for reuse, in which a quantity of spent ECAT comprising hydrophilic particles with differing levels of metal contamination is disposed into a reactor and treated to form carbon nanotubes on the particles having metal contamination, thereby rendering at least a portion of the spent ECAT particles hydrophobic; the hydrophobic particles can then be separated from the hydrophilic particles. Also disclosed is a method of remediating an oil spill using a carbon nanotube sponge material.

Some embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a method of regenerating at least one filter medium comprising: providing at least one filter medium, wherein the at least one filter medium comprises: at least one catalyst material; and ammonium bisulfate (ABS) deposits, ammonium sulfate (AS) deposits, or any combination thereof; flowing a flue gas stream transverse to a cross-section of a filter medium, such that the flue gas stream passes through the cross section of the at least one filter medium, wherein the flue gas stream comprises: NO.sub.x compounds comprising: Nitric Oxide (NO), and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO.sub.2); and increasing an NO.sub.x removal efficiency of the at least one filter medium after removal of deposits.

A catalyst structure is disclosed. The catalyst structure comprises a catalytic material and a metal material on the catalytic material, where the metal material comprises particle sizes in a range from about 1.5 nanometers to about 3 nanometers. An interface between the metal material and the catalytic material comprises bonds between the metal material and the catalytic material. A method of mitigating catalyst deactivation is also disclosed, as is a method of carbon monoxide disproportionation.