To provide a process for producing an ion exchange membrane for electrolysis which has a low membrane resistance and which is capable of reducing the electrolysis voltage during the electrolysis, even if the membrane strength is increased, an ion exchange membrane for electrolysis, a precursor membrane of an ion exchange membrane for electrolysis, and an electrolysis apparatus. In a fluorinated polymer having groups convertible to ion exchange groups, a reinforcing fabric 20A formed by weaving covered yarns 21 each comprising a reinforcing fabric 22 and a sacrificial material covering at least a portion of the outer peripheral surface of the reinforcing yarn 22, to produce a precursor membrane of an ion exchange membrane, and from the precursor membrane, at least a portion of the sacrificial material in the reinforcing fabric is eluted to form a reinforcing material and at the same time, the groups convertible to ion exchange groups are converted to ion exchange groups, to produce an ion exchange membrane for electrolysis.

To provide a process for producing an ion exchange membrane for electrolysis which has a low membrane resistance and which is capable of reducing the electrolysis voltage during the electrolysis, even if the membrane strength is increased, an ion exchange membrane for electrolysis, a precursor membrane of an ion exchange membrane for electrolysis, and an electrolysis apparatus. In a fluorinated polymer having groups convertible to ion exchange groups, a reinforcing fabric 20A formed by weaving covered yarns 21 each comprising a reinforcing fabric 22 and a sacrificial material covering at least a portion of the outer peripheral surface of the reinforcing yarn 22, to produce a precursor membrane of an ion exchange membrane, and from the precursor membrane, at least a portion of the sacrificial material in the reinforcing fabric is eluted to form a reinforcing material and at the same time, the groups convertible to ion exchange groups are converted to ion exchange groups, to produce an ion exchange membrane for electrolysis.

Systems and methods for selectively recovering a target metal from an ion exchange resin are generally described. In certain embodiments, such methods and systems can be employed for metal purification and enrichment of target metal species from mixtures containing contaminating or non-target metals. In some embodiments, ion exchange is accomplished in the presence of one or more species that facilitate the recovery of a metal from a composition further comprising one or more other metals. The recovered metal-containing composition may contain the recovered metal at relatively high purity and/or in relatively large amounts. In some embodiments, the conditions present during ion exchange are varied in a manner that facilitates the enrichment of a metal from an initial (e.g. sample) composition further comprising one or more other metals to result in a product that contains the enriched metal at relatively high purity and/or in relatively large amounts

Systems and methods for selectively recovering a target metal from an ion exchange resin are generally described. In certain embodiments, such methods and systems can be employed for metal purification and enrichment of target metal species from mixtures containing contaminating or non-target metals. In some embodiments, ion exchange is accomplished in the presence of one or more species that facilitate the recovery of a metal from a composition further comprising one or more other metals. The recovered metal-containing composition may contain the recovered metal at relatively high purity and/or in relatively large amounts. In some embodiments, the conditions present during ion exchange are varied in a manner that facilitates the enrichment of a metal from an initial (e.g. sample) composition further comprising one or more other metals to result in a product that contains the enriched metal at relatively high purity and/or in relatively large amounts

The present invention is a solid lubricant treatment medium, usually but not always in bead form, suitable to be brought into contact with lubricants to remediate and to condition them. A key feature of the medium, typically a polymeric resin, is the presence of relatively very large pores, which are able to capture and remove fine lubricant contaminants and breakdown products (such as small phosphate ester varnish, soot, coke, dissolved metal or other small semi-soluble or insoluble particles). Resins and adsorbents of the prior art have proven unable to remove fine contaminants like phosphate ester varnish that have a deleterious impact on industrial equipment performance and reliability. The mean pore size diameter of the medium is between about 8,000 and 100,000 and, more preferably, in the range of about 20,000 to about 80,000 .

A method comprising obtaining a bodily fluid from a subject; contacting the bodily fluid with an adsorbent material comprising a synthetic carbon particle (SCP) to produce a first filtrate having a level of disease mediators (y); contacting the first filtrate with an adsorbent material comprising the SCP and an anion exchange resin where the ratio of SCP to anion exchange resin is from about 0.1:100 to 100:0.1 to produce a second filtrate; contacting the second filtrate with an adsorbent material comprising the SCP and a cation exchange resin where the ratio of SCP to cation exchange resin is from about 1:100 to produce a third filtrate; and administering the third filtrate to the subject.

A method comprising obtaining a bodily fluid from a subject; contacting the bodily fluid with an adsorbent material comprising a synthetic carbon particle (SCP) to produce a first filtrate having a level of disease mediators (y); contacting the first filtrate with an adsorbent material comprising the SCP and an anion exchange resin where the ratio of SCP to anion exchange resin is from about 0.1:100 to 100:0.1 to produce a second filtrate; contacting the second filtrate with an adsorbent material comprising the SCP and a cation exchange resin where the ratio of SCP to cation exchange resin is from about 1:100 to produce a third filtrate; and administering the third filtrate to the subject.

Water electrolysis systems that operate at intermediate temperature (i.e., between about 100 C. and about 300 C.) are described. At least some aspects of the present disclosure relate to proton exchange membrane steam electrolysis (PEMSE) systems including a polymer electrolyte comprising at least one phosphorous atom. In at least some examples, the polymer electrolyte my comprise phosphonic acid.

Water electrolysis systems that operate at intermediate temperature (i.e., between about 100 C. and about 300 C.) are described. At least some aspects of the present disclosure relate to proton exchange membrane steam electrolysis (PEMSE) systems including a polymer electrolyte comprising at least one phosphorous atom. In at least some examples, the polymer electrolyte my comprise phosphonic acid.

Described herein are methods for the continuous preparation of 1,2-di(furan-2-yl)ethane-1,2-diol from furan-2-carbaldehyde. The methods can proceed chemically or electrochemically. In certain examples, the methods further comprise the application of a static mixer. The present methods produce 1,2-di(furan-2-yl)ethane-1,2-diol in greater yield, purity, chemoselectivity, and stereoselectivity than traditional batch methods.