A method for preparing an anion adsorbent may be provided, which comprises the steps of: mixing at least two metal salts with each other, thereby forming a stack structure in which cationic compound layers and anionic compound layers containing anions and water of crystallization are alternately stacked on one another; performing a first heat treatment on the stack structure to expand between the cationic compound layers, thereby preparing a preliminary anion adsorbent; and performing a second heat treatment on the preliminary anion adsorbent to remove the anions and the water of crystallization from the anionic compound layers while allowing at least one of the anions to remain, thereby preparing the anion adsorbent.

Cartridges useful in regenerating or purifying dialysis solutions are described as well as methods to regenerate or purify spent dialysis solutions. Dialysis methods using the sorbent cartridges of the present invention are further described.

Cartridges useful in regenerating or purifying dialysis solutions are described as well as methods to regenerate or purify spent dialysis solutions. Dialysis methods using the sorbent cartridges of the present invention are further described.

The invention relates to devices, systems, and methods for mixing one or more solutions to generate a recharge solution having specified concentrations of hydroxide and free chlorine for recharging and disinfecting zirconium oxide in reusable sorbent modules. The devices, systems, and methods can generate a recharge solution by a sorbent recharger that is introduced through the sorbent module to recharge the zirconium oxide.

The invention relates to devices, systems, and methods for mixing one or more solutions to generate a recharge solution having specified concentrations of hydroxide and free chlorine for recharging and disinfecting zirconium oxide in reusable sorbent modules. The devices, systems, and methods can generate a recharge solution by a sorbent recharger that is introduced through the sorbent module to recharge the zirconium oxide.

A surface treatment plant for treating objects, in particular vehicle bodies, has a thin film conversion process in which a ceramic thin film is applied to the objects using a process medium, a subsequent rinsing step in which the objects are rinsed with rinsing medium after the thin film conversion process, and a deionization plant which has a cation exchanger and a downstream anion exchanger and is configured for deionizing the process medium and/or the rinsing medium. For economical operation, the deionization plant is preceded by a preconditioning apparatus which is configured for removing complex anions which are formed and/or present in the thin film conversion process from the process medium and/or the rinsing medium. Furthermore, a corresponding preconditioning apparatus and a treatment process are described.

A surface treatment plant for treating objects, in particular vehicle bodies, has a thin film conversion process in which a ceramic thin film is applied to the objects using a process medium, a subsequent rinsing step in which the objects are rinsed with rinsing medium after the thin film conversion process, and a deionization plant which has a cation exchanger and a downstream anion exchanger and is configured for deionizing the process medium and/or the rinsing medium. For economical operation, the deionization plant is preceded by a preconditioning apparatus which is configured for removing complex anions which are formed and/or present in the thin film conversion process from the process medium and/or the rinsing medium. Furthermore, a corresponding preconditioning apparatus and a treatment process are described.

An aspect of the disclosure relates to a dialysate regenerator, including: a purification means; at least one reversible retainer including an ion reservoir; a dialysate flow path including a dialysate inlet for receiving a dialysate, a dialysate outlet for dispensing the dialysate, the purification means and the at least one reversible retainer: a pump connected to the dialysate flow path and configured to generate a flow of the dialysate from the dialysate inlet via the reversible retainer and the purification means to the dialysate outlet, wherein a direction of the dialysate flow path through the reversible retainer is reversible.

The invention relates to a method for exchanging interlayer anions of a layered double hydroxide (LDH) with other anions whose affinity for the LDH is lower than the one of the starting interlayer anions, which comprises the successive steps of: (1) exchanging the starting interlayer anions of a layered double hydroxide with polyoxometalate anions in order to obtain a layered double hydroxide with polyoxometalate anions as interlayer anions, and (2) exchanging the polyoxometalate anions of the layered double hydroxide obtained in step (1) with other anions whose affinity for the LDH is lower than the one of the starting interlayer anions in order to obtain a layered double hydroxide with other anions as interlayer anions.

The invention relates to a method for exchanging interlayer anions of a layered double hydroxide (LDH) with other anions whose affinity for the LDH is lower than the one of the starting interlayer anions, which comprises the successive steps of: (1) exchanging the starting interlayer anions of a layered double hydroxide with polyoxometalate anions in order to obtain a layered double hydroxide with polyoxometalate anions as interlayer anions, and (2) exchanging the polyoxometalate anions of the layered double hydroxide obtained in step (1) with other anions whose affinity for the LDH is lower than the one of the starting interlayer anions in order to obtain a layered double hydroxide with other anions as interlayer anions.