A method embodiment involves preparing single metal or mixed transition metal chalcogenide using exfoliation of two or more different bulk transition metal dichalcogenides in a manner to form an intermediate hetero-layered transition metal chalcogenide structure, which can be treated to provide a single-phase transition metal chalcogenide.

A method embodiment involves preparing single metal or mixed transition metal chalcogenide using exfoliation of two or more different bulk transition metal dichalcogenides in a manner to form an intermediate hetero-layered transition metal chalcogenide structure, which can be treated to provide a single-phase transition metal chalcogenide.

An apparatus for production of Graphene and similar atomic scale laminar materials by the delamination of a bulk laminar material, such as graphite; comprising: a pump for pumping a fluid being a suspension of solid particles of the bulk laminar material, at a pressure of greater than 1 MPa, along a fluid conduit and against; an impact head having an impact face substantially perpendicular to the trajectory of incoming fluid to form a narrow variable gap. Variation is mediated by pneumatic pressure directly or indirectly in opposition to the force applied to the impact head along the principle axis by, in use, the pressure applied by the fluid. This provides a self-unblocking delamination apparatus maintaining high product quality and consistency. Relatively small variation in gap size being sufficient to avoid blockage, such as occurs by aggregation of large particles or groups of particles in the high shear gap used for delamination.

The present invention relates to a method of cleaning solids to be free of, or separating solids from, viscous materials and in some cases other solids such as, but not limited to resins and other coatings, foreign debris, clays, silts, contaminated water or chemicals and in other cases separating some liquids form some other liquids. Also disclosed are systems to accomplish such.

The present invention relates to a method of cleaning solids to be free of, or separating solids from, viscous materials and in some cases other solids such as, but not limited to resins and other coatings, foreign debris, clays, silts, contaminated water or chemicals and in other cases separating some liquids form some other liquids. Also disclosed are systems to accomplish such.

The proposed multifunctional hydrodynamic vortex type reactor includes —a housing having curvilinear inner sidewalls, —a base attached to the housing, an inverse taper narrowing downward and attached to the top of housing, —a supporting tube passing at least through the housing and base, —a set of washers tapered downward and mounted on an outer surface of the supporting tube such that outer upper edges of the set of washers and the inner sidewalls form predetermined gaps therebetween, and —a number of inlets tangentially attached to the base for introducing, under external pressure, a solid substance and a liquid (or a suspension of their mixture) thereinto, forming a circulating flow therein. The flow forms a high speed bypassing cavitation zone and, changing its direction at the inverse taper, forms a vortex cavitation zone, providing for mixing and grinding the substance up to nanoscale sizes. Methods for intensifying cavitation are also provided.

Methods of grinding materials. The methods may include introducing a material and a circulating fluid to a jet mill and recycling the circulating fluid. The material may include coal. Systems of grinding materials also are provided.

Methods of grinding materials. The methods may include introducing a material and a circulating fluid to a jet mill and recycling the circulating fluid. The material may include coal. Systems of grinding materials also are provided.

The invention relates to a method for grinding and drying a material or material mixture (M), using a cyclone device (10) which communicates with an outlet line (52) for gas (G) and material (M) processed in the cyclone device (10), wherein at least a portion of the gas (G) and material (M) in the outlet line (52) are returned into a lower opening (14) of the cyclone device (10) for further cyclone treatment. The invention relates also to an apparatus.

The invention relates to a method for grinding and drying a material or material mixture (M), using a cyclone device (10) which communicates with an outlet line (52) for gas (G) and material (M) processed in the cyclone device (10), wherein at least a portion of the gas (G) and material (M) in the outlet line (52) are returned into a lower opening (14) of the cyclone device (10) for further cyclone treatment. The invention relates also to an apparatus.