This invention provides a method for forming a multilayer coating film, comprising applying a base paint (X) having a solids content ratio of 30 to 62 mass % to a substrate to form a base coating film having a cured film thickness of 6 to 45 μm; applying an effect pigment dispersion (Y) having a solids content ratio of 0.1 to 10 mass % to the base coating film to form an effect coating film having a cured film thickness of 0.1 to 5.0 μm; applying a two-component clear paint (Z) containing a hydroxy-containing resin and a polyisocyanate compound to the effect coating film to form a clear coating film; and heating the base coating film, the effect coating film, and the clear coating film to simultaneously cure these coating films; wherein the base paint (X) contains a polyurethane resin (A), an alcohol (B) containing 6 to 12 carbon atoms, and an organic solvent (C) having an HLB of 7 to 9, and the effect pigment dispersion (Y) contains water, a flake-effect pigment (P), a resin emulsion (Q), and cellulose nanofibers (R).

A method and a device for manufacturing a base layer (3) having different degrees of hardness is disclosed. Further a workpiece with a base layer (3) manufactured by such method is disclosed.

Lens holding device holding an optical lens at its edge during a dip coating in a dip coating bath. First elastic lens holder having first lens edge holder holds the optical lens at a right edge of the optical lens, second elastic lens holder with second lens edge holder holds the optical lens at a left edge of the optical lens, and a circumferential frame with a third lens edge holder holds the optical lens at a lower edge of the optical lens. The circumferential frame has first and second lateral frame portions such that when the lens holder is raised out of the dip coating bath, waves caused at a surface of the dip coating bath are damped by the right or left lens edge holder, respectively.

Lens holding device holding an optical lens at its edge during a dip coating in a dip coating bath. First elastic lens holder having first lens edge holder holds the optical lens at a right edge of the optical lens, second elastic lens holder with second lens edge holder holds the optical lens at a left edge of the optical lens, and a circumferential frame with a third lens edge holder holds the optical lens at a lower edge of the optical lens. The circumferential frame has first and second lateral frame portions such that when the lens holder is raised out of the dip coating bath, waves caused at a surface of the dip coating bath are damped by the right or left lens edge holder, respectively.

Prior electrochromic devices frequently suffer from high levels of defectivity. The defects may be manifest as pin holes or spots where the electrochromic transition is impaired. This is unacceptable for many applications such as electrochromic architectural glass. Improved electrochromic devices with low defectivity can be fabricated by depositing certain layered components of the electrochromic device in a single integrated deposition system. While these layers are being deposited and/or treated on a substrate, for example a glass window, the substrate never leaves a controlled ambient environment, for example a low pressure controlled atmosphere having very low levels of particles. These layers may be deposited using physical vapor deposition.

Systems and methods for fabricating optical elements in accordance with various embodiments of the invention are illustrated. One embodiment includes a method for fabricating an optical element, the method including providing a first optical substrate, depositing a first layer of a first optical recording material onto the first optical substrate, applying an optical exposure process to the first layer to form a first optical structure, temporarily erasing the first optical structure, depositing a second layer of a second optical recording material, and applying an optical exposure process to the second layer to form a second optical structure, wherein the optical exposure process includes using at least one light beam traversing the first layer.

Systems and methods for fabricating optical elements in accordance with various embodiments of the invention are illustrated. One embodiment includes a method for fabricating an optical element, the method including providing a first optical substrate, depositing a first layer of a first optical recording material onto the first optical substrate, applying an optical exposure process to the first layer to form a first optical structure, temporarily erasing the first optical structure, depositing a second layer of a second optical recording material, and applying an optical exposure process to the second layer to form a second optical structure, wherein the optical exposure process includes using at least one light beam traversing the first layer.

A system for applying a first coating composition and a second coating composition. The system includes a first high transfer efficiency applicator defining a first nozzle orifice and a second high transfer efficiency applicator defining a second nozzle orifice. The system further includes a substrate defining a target area. The first high transfer efficiency applicator is configured to expel the first coating composition through the first nozzle orifice to the target area of the substrate to form a first coating layer. The second high transfer efficiency applicator is configured to expel the second coating composition through the second nozzle orifice to the first coating layer to form a second coating layer.

According to various embodiments, a cover is sealed over a metasurface on a substrate to create a sealed chamber. Liquid crystal, or another tunable refractive index dielectric material, is positioned within the sealed chamber around optical structures of the metasurface before or after the cover is sealed. For example, the liquid crystal may be injected through small vias or holes to fill a sealed chamber. In some embodiments, a glass cover is shaped or patterned with photoresist to protrude into the sealed chamber to reduce the thickness of the liquid crystal used to fill the sealed chamber. A driver to control the metasurface may be, for example, integrated within the substrate, be attached to exposed bond pads of the metasurface, and/or be embodied as a control layer connected to the metasurface through the substrate by through-substrate vias (TSVs).

There is provided a transfer sheet capable of preventing film cracking in thermocompression transfer. To that end, a base material layer (2), a transfer layer (3) provided on one surface (2a) side of the base material layer (2), and an adhesion layer (4) provided on an opposite surface (3a) side to the base material layer (2) of the transfer layer (3) are included, for example. A resin constituting the transfer layer (3) is an uncured ionizing radiation curable resin. A resin constituting the adhesion layer (4) is a thermosetting resin not containing a component causing the resin to exhibit liquid repellency.