In a method of producing a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet by hot rolling a steel slab having a chemical composition comprising C: 0.001 to 0.10 mass %, Si: 1.0 to 5.0 mass %, Mn: 0.01 to 0.5 mass %, S and/or Se: 0.005 to 0.040 mass %, sol. Al: 0.003˜0.050 mass % and N: 0.0010 to 0.020 mass %, subjecting to single cold rolling or two or more cold rollings including an intermediate annealing therebetween to a final thickness, performing primary recrystallization annealing, and thereafter applying an annealing separator to perform final annealing, a temperature range of 550° C. to 700° C. in a heating process of the primary recrystallization annealing is rapidly heated at an average heating rate of 40 to 200° C./s, while any temperature zone of from 250° C. to 550° C. is kept at a heating rate of not more than 10° C./s for 1 to 10 seconds, whereby the refining of secondary recrystallized grains is attained and grain-oriented electrical steel sheets are stably obtained with a low iron loss.

A biomass fractionation apparatus includes a vessel having a processing chamber, an inlet configured to receive a biomass into the processing chamber, and an outlet configured to discharge processed biomass from the chamber. A bed plate is movably positioned within the processing chamber and includes a plurality of elongated fins extending outwardly therefrom in substantially parallel spaced-apart relationship. A cylindrical rotor is rotatably secured within the processing chamber in adjacent, spaced-apart relationship with the bed plate. The rotor has a plurality of elongated blades extending radially outwardly therefrom in circumferentially spaced-apart relationship. Upon rotation of the rotor, the blades are configured to accelerate a biomass within the processing chamber against the fins of the bed plate and to cause the bed plate to pulsate against the rotor.

Billets 3 are fed to billet carrying equipment 2 through billet loading equipment 28. With actuation of a first truing-up equipment the grinding apparatus of billets at both end faces 1, the billet placed on a tray 23 is trued-up to the side of a first grinding equipment for working on planar portions 4A. With actuation of the first grinding equipment for working on planar portions 4A, working on the planar portion in one end face of the billet 3 is performed by a grinding belt 46. The billet is carried through billet carrying equipment 2 to the position of working of a first grinding equipment for chamfering 5A. With actuation of a second truing-up equipment, a truing-up guide is pushed to cause the billet on the tray 23 is trued-up to the side of first grinding equipment for chamfering 5A.

A heating device and a method for the inductive heating of a flat steel strip in a hot rolling mill. The heating device is between two rolling trains of the hot rolling mill and the flat steel strip runs at a speed through the heating device in a transporting direction. The heating device includes: transverse-field modules arranged one after the other along the transporting direction of the flat steel strip; longitudinal-field modules arranged one after the other along the transporting direction of the flat steel strip and arranged before or after the transverse-field modules along the transporting direction; a first power supply supplying at least one transverse-field module with a first alternating voltage; and a second power supply supplying at least one longitudinal-field module with a second alternating voltage. The power supplies have a converter and an electrically connected capacitor bank with multiple capacitors connected in parallel.

A calcium-bearing magnesium and rare earth element alloy consists essentially of, in mass percent, zinc (Zn): 1-3%; aluminum (Al): 1-3%; calcium (Ca): 0.1-0.4%; gadolinium (Gd): 0.1-0.4%; yttrium (Y): 0-0.4%; manganese (Mn): 0-0.2%; and balance magnesium (Mg).

A device and method for producing a continuous strip-shaped composite material including a base material of metal, which is unwound in the form of a metal strip by a first coil-unwinding apparatus, and at least one cladding material of metal, which is unwound in the form of a metal strip by a second coil-unwinding apparatus. The metal base and cladding metal strips unwound by the respective coil-unwinding apparatuses are brought together in the hot state of at least 720 degrees Celsius. The unwound base and cladding metal strips brought toward each other and are joined by hot-rolling such that a single continuous strip-shaped composite material is thereby formed by roll cladding such that the composite material includes the base material and the cladding material.

A device and method for producing a continuous strip-shaped composite material including a base material of metal, which is unwound in the form of a metal strip by a first coil-unwinding apparatus, and at least one cladding material of metal, which is unwound in the form of a metal strip by a second coil-unwinding apparatus. The metal base and cladding metal strips unwound by the respective coil-unwinding apparatuses are brought together in the hot state of at least 720 degrees Celsius. The unwound base and cladding metal strips brought toward each other and are joined by hot-rolling such that a single continuous strip-shaped composite material is thereby formed by roll cladding such that the composite material includes the base material and the cladding material.

A hot rolling line control system includes a rolling condition setting unit, an operation data collection unit that collects rolling conditions and operation data of a line during rolling, an operation data storage unit, a material measurement data storage unit that stores material actual measurement data obtained by measuring a material of a rolled steel sheet, a material prediction unit that predicts material of rolled steel sheet, and a material prediction data storage unit that stores material prediction data in the material prediction unit, and the material prediction unit includes a classification criteria creation and material model regression unit that creates classification criteria using operation data and the material actual measurement data, classifies the operation data and the material actual measurement data according to the created classification criteria, and regresses the classified operation data and material actual measurement data to create a material model for each classification.

A hot rolling line control system includes a rolling condition setting unit, an operation data collection unit that collects rolling conditions and operation data of a line during rolling, an operation data storage unit, a material measurement data storage unit that stores material actual measurement data obtained by measuring a material of a rolled steel sheet, a material prediction unit that predicts material of rolled steel sheet, and a material prediction data storage unit that stores material prediction data in the material prediction unit, and the material prediction unit includes a classification criteria creation and material model regression unit that creates classification criteria using operation data and the material actual measurement data, classifies the operation data and the material actual measurement data according to the created classification criteria, and regresses the classified operation data and material actual measurement data to create a material model for each classification.

This hot-rolled steel sheet has a predetermined chemical composition, and in a case where the thickness is denoted by t, the metallographic structure at a t/4 position from the surface contains one or both of tempered martensite and lower bainite at a volume percentage of 90% or more, the tensile strength is 980 MPa or more, and the average Ni concentration on the surface is 7.0% or more.