The present disclosure relates to end milling methods for making microstructures, a tool comprising such microstructures, the microstructures, and replications thereof, where the microstructures are part of a structured surface configured as a security article. Some of the microstructures are configured differently from others to define an optically detectable indicia in the structured surface. Microstructures in a first group may for example differ from microstructures in a second group in terms of one or more of size, orientation, cube corner type, and dihedral angle value(s), to define the indicia or a portion thereof. The microstructures may comprise full or truncated cube corner elements, and the article may be a retroreflective sheeting.

The present invention relates to a tool and a method for creating back tapers at an internal or external toothing of a gear. The tool rotates during use about a tool axis of rotation includes a tool shaft extending along the tool axis of rotation, a fastening section for fastening the tool to a tool drive of a machine tool, the fastening section formed at an end of the tool shaft, and at least one cutting blade, which is arranged at a fastening position provided at the circumference of the tool shaft. The tool according to the invention and the method according to the invention enable with simple means the creation of geometrically precisely shaped back tapers at toothings without the need for the use of specially shaped cutting inserts or a change of machine tools proven in practice for the creation of back tapers. This is achieved according to the invention in that the diameter of the tool shaft measured in a plane oriented normal to the tool axis of rotation increases starting from the diameter, which the tool shaft has at the fastening position of the cutting blade, in a direction directed towards the fastening section.

A rotary cutting tool includes a replaceable cutting head and a tool holder. The replaceable cutting head includes a forward cutting portion and a rearward mounting portion. The mounting portion includes a male coupling member that includes a back-tapered conical external thread. The tool holder includes a female coupling member that includes an internal thread. When the rotary cutting tool is in a locked position, the external thread is threadingly engaged with the internal thread.

The invention relates to a method for producing a blisk comprising a plurality of blade profiles and channels extending between the blade profiles using a bell-type countersink having a conical lateral surface, wherein the method comprises the steps providing a disk-shaped blank, and, to form the channels in the blank, plunging the bell-type countersink into the blank on a lateral surface of the blank and thereby moving it in a direction along a generating line of the bell-type countersink, wherein the displacement of the bell-type countersink is a 3-axial movement on a linear path and/or a 5-axial movement on a curved path. The invention also relates to a bell-type countersink.

A tapered end mill includes an outer circumferential cutting edge, a flute is disposed such that a flute bottom radius defined as a distance between a flute bottom and the tool axis decreases from a shank side toward the tool tip side, the flute bottom radius linearly changes at a predetermined gradient angle in the tool axis direction, the gradient angle changes at a predetermined change point to become smaller on the tool tip side as compared to the shank side, and a gradient angle θ1 on the tool tip side relative to the change point is equal to or larger than 0° and smaller than a taper half angle α of a cutting portion provided with the outer circumferential cutting edge, and a gradient angle θ2 on the shank side relative to the change point is larger than the taper half angle α.

A rotary cutting tool includes a replaceable cutting head and a tool holder. The replaceable cutting head includes a forward cutting portion and a rearward mounting portion. The mounting portion includes a male coupling member that includes a back-tapered conical external thread. The tool holder includes a female coupling member that includes an internal thread. When the rotary cutting tool is in a locked position, the external thread is threadingly engaged with the internal thread.

A bearingless groove router bit includes at least one cutting element affixed to a head of the router bit and has a first end spaced from an end of connected shank connected to the head and a second end adjacent to the second end of the head. The cutting element includes a cutting edge extending along the cutting element between the first end to the second end of the cutting element. The cutting edge may include a radial side edge that projects radially inwardly relative to a central axis of the router bit and a straight side edge that extends from an end of the radial side edge outwardly relative to the central axis to minimize tear out during cutting of a groove in a work piece.

A rotary tool for machining workpieces, said tool comprising a base body having a clamping section and a tool head comprising a cutting region having at least one cutting edge. The tool head comprises at least one coolant channel for supplying a cooling and/or lubricating fluid into the cutting region. At least some sections of the coolant channel have a cross-section that tapers in the direction of the tool head. In this region, at least two coolant outlet lines branch off from contact points of the coolant channel in the direction of the tool head upper surface, and are offset in the axial longitudinal direction of the coolant channel. Also, a production method for a rotary tool, in which the blank of the tool is produced by a sintering method in which the coolant channel of the tool is formed integrally in the sintering method at the same time.

A milling tool is configured from a shank part and a head with a cutting edge that is provided on the leading end of the shank part. The head comprises an expanding diameter section, the diameter of which expands gradually from the base end that contacts the shank part in the direction of the leading end, and a decreasing diameter section, the diameter of which gradually decreases from the maximum diameter section in the direction of the leading end. At least one cutting edge is provided on each of the expanding diameter section and the decreasing diameter section.

A T-shaped tool is configured by fastening a head having cutting blades to a cylindrical shank, the shank is made of cemented carbide and has a tapered male thread formed at a tip end portion thereof, the tapered male thread becomes smaller in diameter toward the tip end, and the head is made of steel and has a tapered female thread formed therein, and the tapered female thread comes into engagement with the tapered male thread.