A machining machine comprises a first support disk, a first working disk coupled to the first support disk, and a counter bearing element positioned to define a working gap between the first working disk and the counter bearing element. The first working disk and the counter bearing element are configured to rotate relative to each other to machine at least one side of a flat workpiece. A pressure volume is positioned between the first support disk and the first working disk and is configured to hold a pressure fluid, which generates a pressure configured to deform the first working disk. One or more temperature-controlling channels are positioned within the first working disk and configured to hold a temperature-controlling fluid that is configured to control a temperature of the first working disk, wherein the one or more temperature-controlling channels are fluidly separate from the pressure volume.

A machining machine comprises a first support disk, a first working disk coupled to the first support disk, and a counter bearing element positioned to define a working gap between the first working disk and the counter bearing element. The first working disk and the counter bearing element are configured to rotate relative to each other to machine at least one side of a flat workpiece. A pressure volume is positioned between the first support disk and the first working disk and is configured to hold a pressure fluid, which generates a pressure configured to deform the first working disk. One or more temperature-controlling channels are positioned within the first working disk and configured to hold a temperature-controlling fluid that is configured to control a temperature of the first working disk, wherein the one or more temperature-controlling channels are fluidly separate from the pressure volume.

A material removal device for removing material from a substrate includes a holder extending between first and second sides and a grinding wheel supported by the holder and being operable to remove the material from the substrate. The holder has a guide frame at the first side and a support frame at the second side. The guide frame has a first bottom surface and the support frame has a second bottom surface. The first and second bottom surfaces are vertically offset from each other. The grinding wheel has an axle supported by the guide frame and the support frame. The grinding wheel has a grinding surface located below the first bottom surface and above the second bottom surface.

A material removal device for removing material from a substrate includes a holder extending between first and second sides and a grinding wheel supported by the holder and being operable to remove the material from the substrate. The holder has a guide frame at the first side and a support frame at the second side. The guide frame has a first bottom surface and the support frame has a second bottom surface. The first and second bottom surfaces are vertically offset from each other. The grinding wheel has an axle supported by the guide frame and the support frame. The grinding wheel has a grinding surface located below the first bottom surface and above the second bottom surface.

A housing for an electronic device can include a metallic component at least partially defining an external surface of the device. The metallic component can have an average grain size less than 45 nanometers in a first region that extends from the external surface to a depth of at least 100 microns below the external surface, and an average grain size greater than 45 nanometers in a second region adjacent to the first surface.

A housing for an electronic device can include a metallic component at least partially defining an external surface of the device. The metallic component can have an average grain size less than 45 nanometers in a first region that extends from the external surface to a depth of at least 100 microns below the external surface, and an average grain size greater than 45 nanometers in a second region adjacent to the first surface.

A sealing apparatus which is capable of preventing static leakage of a target to be sealed without increasing sliding resistance with respect to a shaft, and a surface processing method of a disk member of the sealing apparatus which is capable of processing a surface of the disk member, such as a slinger, provided at the sealing apparatus. A surface processing method of a disk member of a sealing apparatus for forming a plurality of fine spiral grooves on a surface of the disk member provided at the sealing apparatus has a grinding member having a plurality of fine projections that is moved to an outer edge side while the grinding member is pressed against the surface of the disk member which relatively rotates around an axis, and the sealing apparatus includes a slinger at which a plurality of fine spiral grooves are randomly formed on another side surface of a flange portion.

A sealing apparatus which is capable of preventing static leakage of a target to be sealed without increasing sliding resistance with respect to a shaft, and a surface processing method of a disk member of the sealing apparatus which is capable of processing a surface of the disk member, such as a slinger, provided at the sealing apparatus. A surface processing method of a disk member of a sealing apparatus for forming a plurality of fine spiral grooves on a surface of the disk member provided at the sealing apparatus has a grinding member having a plurality of fine projections that is moved to an outer edge side while the grinding member is pressed against the surface of the disk member which relatively rotates around an axis, and the sealing apparatus includes a slinger at which a plurality of fine spiral grooves are randomly formed on another side surface of a flange portion.

A method of manufacturing a window for a display apparatus according to the present invention includes: providing, on a stage, a substrate including a foldable part bending around a folding axis extending in a first direction, and forming a groove on the foldable part. The forming the groove includes: grinding the foldable part by using a first machining wheel; grinding the foldable part by using a second machining wheel; and machining the foldable part by using a polishing wheel. The groove has at least one radius of curvature. The first machining wheel includes first abrasive grains, and the second machining wheel includes second abrasive grains less in size than the first abrasive grains.

A method of manufacturing a window for a display apparatus according to the present invention includes: providing, on a stage, a substrate including a foldable part bending around a folding axis extending in a first direction, and forming a groove on the foldable part. The forming the groove includes: grinding the foldable part by using a first machining wheel; grinding the foldable part by using a second machining wheel; and machining the foldable part by using a polishing wheel. The groove has at least one radius of curvature. The first machining wheel includes first abrasive grains, and the second machining wheel includes second abrasive grains less in size than the first abrasive grains.