An array-type electrode, which may include a substrate, an isolating layer, an electrode and a micro-structure layer. The isolating layer may be disposed on one side of the substrate. The first part of the electrode may be disposed on one side of the substrate and covered by the isolating layer; the second part of the electrode penetrates through the substrate; the third part of the electrode may be disposed on the other side of the substrate; the first part may be connected to the third part via the second part. The micro-structure layer may be disposed on the isolating layer.

An ink set to be used for printing poorly absorbent or non-absorbent printing media includes an aqueous non-white ink composition containing a non-white pigment, an aqueous white ink composition containing a white pigment, and a treatment liquid containing a flocculant and an alkanolamine.

Provided herein are methods for printing an image on a substrate using various methods of deposition in a single process. The methods may comprise a base layer application step wherein a base layer is applied to a portion of the substrate using a valve jet, or an inkjet printhead and a graphical application step wherein one or more ink layers are applied to a portion of the substrate (e.g., using an inkjet or a valve jet). Advantageously, the base layer may be applied only to substantially the same portion of the substrate as the one or more ink layers. The methods may further comprise a top coating step wherein a topcoat is applied to the printed portion of the substrate using a valve jet or an inkjet printhead.

A printed product is produced by providing a substrate, producing at least one interlayer on the substrate, printing a printed image onto the interlayer, and forming a barrier layer on the printed image. The barrier layer is provided on the printed image by applying a barrier composition to at least one carrier, at least partially drying the barrier layer and transferring it to the printed image. Preferred substrates have an acidic precoat layer as an interlayer. Such substrates can then be varnished with glossy varnishes, to achieve particularly high gloss values.

A system for applying a first, a second, and a third coating composition. The system includes a first high transfer efficiency applicator defining a first nozzle orifice. The system further includes a second high transfer efficiency applicator defining a second nozzle orifice. The system further includes a third high transfer efficiency applicator defining a third nozzle orifice. The system further includes a substrate defining a target area. The first, the second, and the third high transfer efficiency applicators are configured to expel the first coating composition through the first nozzle orifice to the target area of the substrate, through the second nozzle orifice to the target area of the substrate, and through the third nozzle orifice to the target area of the substrate.

Provided is an ink jet recording method using an ink jet recording apparatus having an ink jet head, the method including: a colored ink adhesion step of discharging an aqueous colored ink composition containing a coloring material from an ink jet head to adhere to a recording medium; and a clear ink adhesion step of discharging an aqueous clear ink composition from an ink jet head to adhere to the recording medium, in which the aqueous clear ink composition contains wax particles, the ink jet recording apparatus has a circulation path for circulating the aqueous clear ink composition, and in the clear ink adhesion step, the aqueous clear ink composition circulated in the circulation path is discharged.

A method for printing on a substrate comprises two steps. The first step consists essentially of: applying onto a substrate one or more layers of an energy curable ink and applying one or more layers of a water-based coating over the top of the one or more layers of energy curable ink. The second step comprises the steps of, in any order: a) drying the one or more layers of water-based coating, and b) actinically or electron beam curing simultaneously all the energy curable ink layers.

A method of forming a coating composition for application to a substrate utilizing a high efficiency transfer applicator. The method includes identifying at least one of an Ohnesorge number (Oh) for the coating composition, a Reynolds number (Re) for the coating composition, or a Deborah number (De) for the coating composition. The method includes obtaining at least one of a viscosity () of the coating composition, a surface tension () of the coating composition, a density () of the coating composition, a relaxation time () of the coating composition, a nozzle diameter (D) of the high efficiency transfer applicator, or an impact velocity (v) of the high efficiency transfer applicator. The method includes forming the coating composition having at least one of the viscosity (), the surface tension (), or the density (). The coating composition is configured to be applied to the substrate utilizing the high efficiency transfer applicator having at least one of the nozzle diameter (D) or the impact velocity (v).

A system for applying a coating composition to a substrate utilizing a high transfer efficiency applicator is provided herein. The system includes a storage device for storing instructions for performing a matching protocol, and one or more data processors configured to execute the instructions to, receive, by one or more data processors, target image data of a target coating, the target image data generated by an electronic imaging device, and apply the target image data to a matching protocol to generate application instructions. The system further includes a high transfer efficiency applicator defining a nozzle orifice. The high transfer efficiency applicator is configured to expel the coating composition through the nozzle orifice to the substrate to form a coating layer. The high transfer efficiency applicator is configured expel the coating composition based on the application instructions.

A wider variety of printing is performed more appropriately using ink that generates heat by energy radiation. A printing method of performing a printing on a medium using a color ink includes a water-soluble ink layer forming step of forming a water-soluble ink layer that is a layer of ink that becomes water-soluble after fixing, a color ink layer forming step of ejecting the color ink to the medium to form a color ink layer that is a layer of the color ink, and a water-soluble ink layer removing step of removing the water-soluble ink layer. The color ink includes a colorant and a solvent and generates heat by radiation of an energy ray. In the color ink layer forming step, the energy ray is emitted to the color ink after ink droplets landing to remove by evaporation at least a part of the solvent included in the color ink.