Evaporators used in radiochemical production designed to evaporate highly active solutions and devices designed to create thin film in the heating chambers. The film former contains a liner in the upper part of the heat exchange tube attached to the spindle of the bellows assembly of the evaporator lid. The liner is provided with a radiation-proof tip that is not wettable by liquid being evaporated. The tip is made of two conjugate cones: the upper back cone and lower right cone, with the lower cone having a cylindrical belt with protrusions on it designed to center the conical tip on the inner surface of the heat exchange tube. A cap is mounted movably on the liner, with grooves on the lower end of the cap along the entire perimeter. The liner attached to the spindle is connected by fins with adjacent liners installed in heat exchange tubes.

Use of a method for reduction of heavy end formation and catalyst loss in a hydroformylation process, wherein the method comprises the steps; a) Reacting an olefin and syngas in a reactor assembly (1) utilizing at least one catalyst and at least one ligand, b) Separating an obtained aldehyde from a mixture of aldehyde, catalyst, ligand and early heavy ends in a distillation unit (2), c) Entering the mixture of catalyst, ligand, early heavy ends and rest aldehyde into a short residence time evaporator unit (3) having at least a first rest aldehyde stripper stage (3a) and at least one last early heavy ends stripper stage (3b). Said evaporator units (3) being of a falling film and/or wiped film type, d) That the catalyst/ligand mixture from a lower end (3b1) of the at least one last early heavy ends stripping stage (3b) is entered into a cooling unit (4) immediately after stripping of early heavy ends.

Methods are described for removing contaminants, including glycidyl fatty acid esters, 3-monochloropropane diol and toxins from edible oils by using short path stripping at reduced temperatures and pressures.

The present invention describes a process for continuous fractionation of CTO (crude tall oil) to RTD (refined tall diesel), said process comprising:—when removing a stream of TOP (tall oil pitch) the CTO is fed through at least two evaporation zones arranged in series so that one stream of CTO is fed from a first evaporation zone to a second evaporation zone, wherein a TOP stream is produced and fed from the second evaporation zone, wherein a first vapor stream is produced within the first evaporation zone and a second vapor stream is produced within the second evaporation zone and wherein there is a temperature difference of at least 10° C. between the first vapor stream and the second vapor stream; and—feeding the first vapor stream and the second vapor stream into a subsequent fractionation column to produce a stream of RTD from the fractionation column, wherein the first vapor stream and the second vapor stream are being fed to different positions, relative to the column height, in the fractionation column, where different conditions are applied to ensure suitable fractionations of a more fatty acid rich material and a more rosin rich material, respectively, and which different positions in the fractionation column are separated by packing means.

A crystalline pigment or colorant composition having high color intensity and/or low sugar content, and methods and processes of preparation. The composition may comprise purified fruit and/or vegetable color juices.

The application provides in an aspect a process for producing urea in a urea plant comprising a high pressure synthesis section comprising a reactor, wherein the process comprises reacting NH.sub.3 feed and CO.sub.2 feed under urea formation conditions in said reactor to form a urea synthesis solution comprising urea, water, carbamate and ammonia, wherein the process further comprises contacting a carbamate—containing liquid stream with an equipment part of said high pressure synthesis section that is made of a ferritic steel alloy.

A process for the evaporation of a waste water stream having a mixture of inorganic and organic materials is provided. The process includes passing a waste water stream together with cleaning particles through a shell and tube heat exchanger of a forced circulation evaporator to mitigate scaling on the internal surface of the heat exchanger through which the stream of waste water flows. In another aspect, the invention concerns a forced circulation evaporator having a fluidized bed heat exchanger suitable for carrying out the method. The evaporator is located after a chemical process plant that produces a waste water containing a mixture of inorganic and organic materials, preferably after a dyestuff manufacturing plant.

A method and apparatus for extracting botanical oil from botanical mass includes milling the biomass and chilling the milled biomass. The biomass is then exposed to a chilled ethanol solvent. Water is added and the solution introduced into a first centrifuge. The clean ethanol slurry is then introduced into an evaporator leaving a two-phase mixture which is introduced into a second centrifuge which separates the water from the pure botanical oil.

The present invention refers to a method for reducing heavy end formation and catalyst loss in a continuous hydroformylation process, where an olefin or an olefin mixture is reacted with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in a reactor assembly (1) in the presence of a rhodium complex catalyst, comprising at least one organobisphosphite ligand, in order to produce an aldehyde. Said method comprising the addition of an epoxide to the reaction mixture and the continuous or discontinuous removal of early heavy ends.

A method and system for balancing water content in a liquid mixture is described. The method includes using an direct column contact evaporator to reduce the water content in the liquid mixture. The liquid mixture is provided in the open column direct contact evaporator with relatively dry air. The dry air evaporates excess water from the liquid mixture to concentrate the liquid mixture while at the same time reducing the energy required for water evaporation elsewhere in the plant.