Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are destroyed by oxidation in supercritical conditions. PFAS in water is concentrated in a reverse osmosis step and salt from the resulting solution is removed in supercritical conditions prior to destruction of PFAS in supercritical conditions.

A control system has a water purification module and a control module. The water purification module has a preliminary filter and a reverse osmosis filter. The control module regularly controls the purification and the drainage of the water purification module, and solves the problem that the TDS value of the water on both sides of the reverse osmosis membrane is too high after the water purifier is on standby for a period of time. The control system regularly drains high concentration water on both sides of the reverse osmosis membrane to improve water purification efficiency.

A control system has a water purification module and a control module. The water purification module has a preliminary filter and a reverse osmosis filter. The control module regularly controls the purification and the drainage of the water purification module, and solves the problem that the TDS value of the water on both sides of the reverse osmosis membrane is too high after the water purifier is on standby for a period of time. The control system regularly drains high concentration water on both sides of the reverse osmosis membrane to improve water purification efficiency.

Provided is a feed spacer having a three-layer structure, in which a set forming the feed spacer is formed in a three-layer structure, so that the set, which is in contact with a reverse osmosis membrane, convects raw water to a center of the structure of the feed spacer and a laminar flow velocity gradient is generated at the center to decrease a polarization phenomenon of a reverse osmosis filter module and minimize pressure loss, and a reverse osmosis membrane filter module including the feed spacer.

Provided is a feed spacer having a three-layer structure, in which a set forming the feed spacer is formed in a three-layer structure, so that the set, which is in contact with a reverse osmosis membrane, convects raw water to a center of the structure of the feed spacer and a laminar flow velocity gradient is generated at the center to decrease a polarization phenomenon of a reverse osmosis filter module and minimize pressure loss, and a reverse osmosis membrane filter module including the feed spacer.

There is provided a retrofit control module that is connectable to various types of reverse osmosis systems, and a method of using the same. The retrofit control module includes a controller, the controller being located within a housing. The controller includes a first communication interface, the first communication interface being connectable to the reverse osmosis system, a processing unit and a memory connected to the processing unit. The processing unit is configured for receiving at least one parameter of the reverse osmosis system, comparing the at least one parameter of the reverse osmosis system with a predetermined threshold and in response to the at least one parameter of the reverse osmosis system being above the predetermined threshold: transmitting a control parameter to the reverse osmosis system, the control parameter causing the reverse osmosis system to control at least one component of the reverse osmosis system.

An online cleaning system for micro-polluted nanofiltration membranes uses forward osmosis, and a process of the online cleaning system, and relates to the field of water treatment membrane separation technique. The online cleaning system includes a nanofiltration raw water tank, a nanofiltration membrane assembly, a pure water tank, a forward osmosis feed solution tank, a forward osmosis draw solution tank, a first saline water tank, a second saline water tank and a water bath temperature control device. Compared with convention techniques, some embodiments include efficient cleaning of the nanofiltration membranes that is realized by using forward osmosis as a nanofiltration membrane cleaning system, and cyclic regeneration of the nanofiltration membranes can be realized, so that the purposes of removing dissolved organic matters in micro-polluted raw water, reducing hardness of calcium and magnesium and prolonging the service life can be achieved.

An online cleaning system for micro-polluted nanofiltration membranes uses forward osmosis, and a process of the online cleaning system, and relates to the field of water treatment membrane separation technique. The online cleaning system includes a nanofiltration raw water tank, a nanofiltration membrane assembly, a pure water tank, a forward osmosis feed solution tank, a forward osmosis draw solution tank, a first saline water tank, a second saline water tank and a water bath temperature control device. Compared with convention techniques, some embodiments include efficient cleaning of the nanofiltration membranes that is realized by using forward osmosis as a nanofiltration membrane cleaning system, and cyclic regeneration of the nanofiltration membranes can be realized, so that the purposes of removing dissolved organic matters in micro-polluted raw water, reducing hardness of calcium and magnesium and prolonging the service life can be achieved.

This disclosure includes subsea pumping apparatuses and related methods. Some apparatuses include one or more subsea pumps, each having an inlet and an outlet, and one or more motors, each configured to actuate at least one pump to communicate a hydraulic fluid from the inlet to the outlet, where the subsea pumping apparatus is configured to be in fluid communication with a hydraulically actuated device of a blowout preventer. Some subsea pumping apparatuses include one or more of: a desalination system configured to produce at least a portion of the hydraulic fluid; one or more valves, each configured to selectively route hydraulic fluid from an outlet of a pump to, for example, a subsea environment, a reservoir, and/or the inlet of the pump; and a reservoir configured to store at least a portion of the hydraulic fluid. Some apparatuses are configured to be directly coupled to the hydraulically actuated device.

Provided is a feed spacer, in which angles of strands are differently formed in one feed spacer according to a flow direction of raw water, so that a differential pressure decrease region and a recovery increase region are separated to perform multiple functions, and a reverse osmosis filter module including the feed spacer.