A water purification system utilizes an ionomer membrane and mild vacuum to draw water from source water through the membrane. A water source may be salt water or a contaminated water source. The water drawn through the membrane passes across the condenser chamber to a condenser surface where it is condensed into purified water. The condenser surface may be metal or any other suitable surface and may be flat or pleated. In addition, the condenser surface may be maintained at a lower temperature than the water on the water source side of the membrane. The ionomer membrane may be configured in a cartridge, a pleated or flat plate configuration. A latent heat loop may be configured to carry the latent heat of vaporization from the condenser back to the water source side of the ionomer membrane. The source water may be heated by a solar water heater.

A desalination system, including a membrane distillation portion, a solar power concentration portion, and a thermal vapor compression portion operationally connected to the membrane distillation portion and to the solar power concentration portion. The membrane distillation portion includes a first vessel having a first portion and a second portion separated by a hydrophobic membrane operationally connected therebetween and oriented to pass water from the first portion to the second portion, wherein the hydrophobic membrane further comprises a hydrophilic membrane and an air blocking layer connected to the hydrophilic membrane and disposed in the first portion, a vacuum gap adjacent the hydrophobic membrane and disposed in the second portion, a first fluid inlet and a first fluid outlet operationally connected to the first portion, and a second fluid inlet and a second fluid outlet operationally connected to the second portion. The solar power concentration portion includes a pump having a pump outlet and a pump inlet operationally connected to a water line and to the vacuum gap, a linear Fresnel mirror collector for collecting and focusing sunlight, and an outlet line operationally connected to the pump outlet and positioned to receive focused sunlight from linear Fresnel mirror collector. The thermal vapor compression portion includes an ejector having an ejector inlet portion and an ejector outlet portion, wherein the ejector inlet portion is operationally connected to the outlet line and to the vacuum gap, a second vessel fluidically connected to the outlet portion and further including a heat exchanger operationally connected to the ejector outlet portion and to a water pipe, a feed spray operationally connected to the second outlet and positioned to spray into the heat exchanger, and a collection portion for receiving concentrated feed spray. The heat exchanger receives desalinated water from the ejector and from the feed spray. The water line carries desalinated water from the heat exchanger. The first outlet passes concentrated brine, and the first inlet receives feed water to be desalinated.

A desalination and cooling system integrating an Ejector Cooling Cycle (ECC) system and a Permeate Gap Membrane Distillation (PGMD) system. The ECC system includes a generator, an evaporator, an ejector, and a condenser. The generator produces a primary flow of refrigerant, the evaporator provides cooling and a secondary flow of the refrigerant, and the ejector combines these flows to generate a super-heated stream of the refrigerant, which the condenser cools. The PGMD system, including a feed chamber, a coolant chamber, a permeate gap chamber, and a membrane with pores, allows water vapors from a hot stream to pass from the feed chamber to the permeate gap chamber. The ECC and PGMD systems are connected at the condenser, where the super-heated stream of the refrigerant heats the cold stream to produce the hot stream, facilitating efficient desalination and cooling.

A desalination and cooling system integrating an Ejector Cooling Cycle (ECC) and a Sweeping Gas Membrane Distillation (SGMD) system. The ECC system includes a generator, an evaporator, an ejector, and a first condenser. The generator produces a primary flow of refrigerant, the evaporator provides cooling and a secondary flow of the refrigerant, and the ejector combines these flows to generate a super-heated stream of the refrigerant, which the first condenser cools. The SGMD system, comprising a feed chamber, a sweeping gas chamber, a membrane with pores, and a second condenser, allows water vapors from a hot stream to pass from the feed chamber to the sweeping gas chamber of the SGMD system. The ECC and SGMD systems are connected at the first condenser, where the super-heated stream of the refrigerant heats the cold stream to produce the hot stream, facilitating efficient desalination and cooling.

A desalination and cooling system integrating an Ejector Cooling Cycle (ECC) and an Air Gap Membrane Distillation (AGMD) system. The ECC system includes a generator, an evaporator, an ejector, and a condenser. The generator produces a primary flow of refrigerant, the evaporator provides cooling and a secondary flow of the refrigerant, and the ejector combines these flows to generate a super-heated stream of the refrigerant, which the condenser cools. The AGMD system, comprising a feed chamber, a coolant chamber, an air gap chamber, and a membrane with pores, allows water vapors from a hot stream to pass from the feed chamber to the air gap chamber of the AGMD system. The ECC and AGMD systems are connected at the condenser, where the super-heated stream of the refrigerant heats the cold stream to produce the hot stream, facilitating efficient desalination and cooling.

A desalination and cooling system is disclosed, integrating an Ejector Cooling Cycle (ECC) system and a Direct Contact Membrane Distillation (DCMD) system. The ECC system includes a generator, an evaporator, an ejector, and a condenser. The generator produces a primary flow of refrigerant, the evaporator provides cooling and a secondary flow of the refrigerant, and the ejector combines these flows to generate a super-heated stream of the refrigerant, which the condenser cools. The DCMD system, including a feed chamber, a permeate chamber, a membrane with pores, and an external cooling source, allows water vapors from a hot stream to pass from the feed chamber to the permeate chamber. The ECC and DCMD systems are connected at the condenser, where the super-heated stream of the refrigerant heats the cold stream to produce the hot stream, facilitating efficient desalination and cooling.

A desalination and cooling system integrating an Ejector Cooling Cycle (ECC) and a Vacuum Membrane Distillation (VMD) system. The ECC system includes a generator, an evaporator, an ejector, and a first condenser. The generator produces a primary flow of refrigerant, the evaporator provides cooling and a secondary flow of the refrigerant, and the ejector combines these flows to generate a super-heated stream of the refrigerant, which the first condenser cools. The VMD system includes a feed chamber, a vacuum chamber, a membrane with pores, and a second condenser, the membrane allows water vapors from a hot stream to pass from the feed chamber to the vacuum chamber. The ECC and VMD systems are connected at the first condenser, where the super-heated stream of the refrigerant heats the cold stream to produce the hot stream, facilitating efficient desalination and cooling.

A water desalination system including a sweeping gas membrane distillation (SGMD) unit in integration with a Jet Impingement Condenser (JIC) unit. The SGMD unit includes a water heater and a water pump connected through an inlet and an outlet to a semi-permeable membrane placed inside a distillation unit. The SGMD unit further includes an air compressor coupled to a humidity sensor, a pressure gauge, a temperature probe, and a flow meter. The JIC unit includes an air accumulation enclosure with an inlet, an air compressor outlet, and a coolant. The JIC unit further includes a perforated plate, and a condenser surface in contact with a sweeping gas inlet. The water desalination system further includes a power unit connected to the water heater and the coolant.

For powering a vehicle, a high energy density fuel is preferred. However, for example when the high energy fuel is highly concentrated hydrogen peroxide, this fuel may be dangerous to handle; especially when the person handling the fuel is a normal consumer filling a fuel reservoir of his vehicle at a gas station. The present invention therefore provides a vehicle arranged to receive a diluted-and thus safer-fuel, and to densify this fuel to a concentrated fuel in low quantities on board for direct use. To this end a fuel densifier is provided in the vehicle arranged for receiving liquid diluted fuel and arranged to provide a concentrated fuel based on the diluted fuel, the concentrated fuel having a higher energy density than the diluted fuel. A power conversion module of the vehicle is arranged to convert the concentrated fuel to kinetic energy for powering the vehicle.

A method for treating aqueous saline streams, specifically saline effluents, by means of membrane distillation with pre-treatments, in order to remove total calcium hardness and permanent calcium hardness and the presence of sulphates in saline effluents, more specifically in residual brines from desalination plants. The system makes it possible to concentrate brines above 37% by weight, i.e. above the saturation level, which makes it possible to reduce the volume of brine considerably, making it suitable for other industrial uses and producing pure water.