According to the present invention, in separating carbon dioxide by a membrane separation with a separation membrane system using an inorganic separation membrane from a mixed gas containing methane and carbon dioxide, and then by an acid gas removal process using an absorbent, by specifying the suitable range of the carbon dioxide mole fraction at the outlet on the carbon dioxide non-permeation side X.sub.CO2 in the membrane separation, which corresponds to an ideal separation factor of the inorganic separation membrane, the proper distribution conditions become feasible. As a result, a method for separating carbon dioxide in which the decrease of the production amount by methane permeation in the membrane separation and the energy loss accompanying the decrease are suppressed, and further the energy consumption in an acid gas removal process using an absorbent, which is a post-process, can be suppressed, is provided.

Disclosed is a desalination method of ion micro-nano sieving for agricultural water in the field of water purification. By constructing a desalting membrane with a composite water channel, through the identification of ion diameter and charge, with fluid dynamics and micro-nano flow theory, the targeted passage of water and salt is realized, and cations like sodium, calcium, magnesium, and anions like chlorine, sulfate, bicarbonate in saline-alkali water are effectively removed, which achieves forward hydrodynamic desalination.

The present disclosure relates, according to some embodiments, to methods of marker based direct integrity testing of at least one membrane comprising: (a) dosing a feed fluid of a loop with at least one marker comprising at least one challenge particle, the loop comprising: the feed fluid; a pump comprising an outlet stream; a membrane module comprising the at least one membrane and a membrane module outlet stream, wherein the membrane module is in fluid communication with the outlet stream; a marker recycle stream in fluid communication with the membrane module outlet stream and the pump; and a means to measure particle concentrations; (b) circulating the feed fluid through the membrane module at least once to produce a filtrate comprising a filtered at least one marker; (c) measuring a filtrate particle concentration of the filtered at least one filtered marker in the filtrate to produce a filtrate concentration measurement; and (d) calculating a log removal value from the filtrate concentration measurement and the feed concentration measurement; wherein the log removal value is less than about 3 ?m.

Devices and methods integrate nanopore and microfluidic technologies for recording molecular characteristics of individual molecules such as, for example, biomolecules. Devices comprise a first substrate comprising a microchannel, a second substrate comprising a microchannel, the second substrate positioned below the first substrate, and a membrane having a thickness of about 0.3 nm to about 1 nm and comprising at least one nanopore, the membrane positioned between the first substrate and the second substrate, wherein a single nanopore of the membrane is constructed and arranged for electrical and fluid communication between the microchannel of the first substrate and the microchannel of the second substrate. To mitigate the effect of errors that occur during de novo DNA synthesis, longer DNA molecules are typically synthesized from shorter oligonucleotides by polymerase construction and amplification (PCA), or by other methods.

A hydrogen gas producing apparatus includes a porous body (100) and a mixed gas source (300). The porous body (100) is permeable to hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide gas, and has a property of being more permeable to hydrogen gas than carbon dioxide gas. The mixed gas source (300) causes a mixed gas including carbon dioxide gas and hydrogen gas to flow into the porous body (100) under a condition that a pressure gradient represented by (P.sub.1?P.sub.2)/L is below 50 MPa/m, where L represents the length of the porous body (100) in a direction in which the mixed gas permeates; P.sub.1 represents an inflow pressure of the mixed gas into the porous body (100); and P.sub.2 represents an outflow pressure thereof from the porous body (100).

A method for the manufacture of ceramic hollow fiber membranes in a spinning process by using a spinning mass, comprising the steps: providing a spinning mass formulation; providing a secondary phase; adding the secondary phase to the spinning mass formulation; manufacturing the ceramic hollow fiber membranes in a spinning process.

Disclosed are a ceramic membrane for water treatment using oxidation-treated SiC and a method for manufacturing the same. An object of the present invention is to manufacture a ceramic membrane for water treatment, which can be sintered at a low temperature of 1,050? C. or less, in which a SiO.sub.2 oxide layer formed during an oxidation process induces volume expansion so as to prevent defects due to the contraction of a coating layer during general sintering. The ceramic membrane for water treatment using the oxidation treated SiC includes a porous ceramic support layer; and a SiC layer formed on the porous ceramic support layer and including SiC particles on which a SiO.sub.2 oxide layer formed on a surface thereof.

A separator element for obtaining molecular and/or particulate separation by tangential flow of a fluid medium for treatment into a filtrate and a retentate, the element comprising a structure (2) of at least two porous rigid columns (3) made of the same material, positioned side by side to define outside their outside walls a volume (4) for recovering the filtrate, each column (3) presenting internally at least one open structure (5) for passing a flow of the fluid medium, opening out in one of the ends of the porous column for inlet of the fluid medium for treatment and in the other end for outlet of the retentate. The element is a single-piece rigid structure (2) made as a single piece that is uniform and continuous throughout, without any bonds or exogenous additions.

The present disclosure relates, according to some embodiments, to systems, apparatus, and methods for fluid purification (e.g., water) with a ceramic membrane. For example, the present disclosure relates, in some embodiments, to a cross-flow fluid filtration assembly comprising (a) membrane housing comprising a plurality of hexagonal prism shaped membranes (b) an inlet configured to receive the contaminated fluid and to channel a contaminated fluid to the first end of the plurality of hexagonal prism shaped membranes, and (c) an outlet configured to receive a permeate released from the second end of the plurality of hexagonal shaped membranes. The present disclosure also relates to a cross-flow fluid filtration module comprising a fluid path defined by a contaminated media inlet chamber, a fluid filtration assembly positioned in a permeate chamber and a concentrate chamber.

Provided is a method of manufacturing a multilayer mixed matrix membrane which includes providing a support layer, casting a hydrophilic layer on a surface of the support layer, casting a hydrophobic layer on the hydrophilic layer, and allowing the layers to form a multilayer mixed matrix membrane. Also provided is a method of manufacturing a hollow fiber composite matrix membrane which includes providing a first solution having a hydrophilic polymer, providing a second solution having a hydrophobic polymer, and extruding the first and second solutions to form a multilayer hollow fiber composite matrix membrane. Additionally, a plate-and-frame membrane module for direct contact membrane distillation using a multilayer mixed matrix membrane is provided. The plate-and-frame membrane module includes a feed inlet capable of distributing process solution throughout the membrane module, a permeate inlet capable of distributing process solution throughout the membrane module, a tortuous promoter comprising multiple flow channels, a feed outlet, and a permeate outlet.