System, devices, and method for the production of thin film composite hollow fiber membranes on a hollow fiber support structure. The system includes a comb and roller device, or comb and dual roller device, which can be used to define a submerged travel path in a first solution bath for a hollow fiber. The combs and rollers control the amount of time the hollow fiber spends in the first solution. The first solution contains a first monomer, and the hollow fiber is impregnated with the first monomer. The amount of impregnation depends on the time spent in the first solution. Subsequent immersion in a second solution containing a second monomer results in the formation of a thin film composite hollow fiber membrane.

Membranes for membrane distillation (MD) and forward osmosis (FO) are provided with methods of manufacture and use thereof. The MD membrane comprises a microporous mat of electrospun nanofibers made of a nanocomposite comprising reduced graphene oxide dispersed in a hydrophobic polymer with their surface grafted with a silane coupling agent or with hydrophobic nanoparticles. The FO membrane comprises a microporous support layer and a rejection layer formed on one side of the support layer, wherein the support layer is a microporous mat of electrospun nanofibers made of a nanocomposite of hydrophilic nanoparticles dispersed in a hydrophilic polymer, and the rejection layer is made of nanocomposite of hydrophilic nanoparticles dispersed in a crosslinked meta-aramid of formula (I). There is also provided a process for treating a high-salinity and/or high-strength feed, such as fracking wastewater, comprising microfiltration or ultrafiltration, followed by forward osmosis, and then membrane distillation.

##STR00001##

A membrane assembly for separating a feed liquid into a permeate and a retentate includes a semipermeable membrane and conductive members for applying a voltage effective for charging a semipermeable surface of the membrane, thereby reducing or preventing fouling or scaling of the membrane. The conductive members may be positioned adjacent to the semipermeable membrane, and may be configured as feed spacers or permeate spacers. Alternatively or additionally, the membrane may be electrically conductive. Power from an external source may be supplied to one or more of the conductive members, or also the membrane if conductive, which may be done wirelessly. One or more membrane assemblies may be provided in a container. One or more membrane assemblies may be provided in a stacked configuration, or wrapped around a tube in a spiral configuration.

Provided is a water treatment membrane including: a porous support; and a polyamide active layer provided on the porous support, in which the polyamide active layer includes one or more units selected from among a unit of Chemical Formula 1: ##STR00001##
a unit of Chemical Formula 2; ##STR00002##
a unit of Chemical Formula 3; ##STR00003##
and a unit of Chemical Formula 4; ##STR00004##
and a manufacturing method thereof.

Provided is a water treatment membrane including: a porous support; and a polyamide active layer provided on the porous support, in which the polyamide active layer includes one or more units selected from among a unit of Chemical Formula 1: ##STR00001##
a unit of Chemical Formula 2; ##STR00002##
a unit of Chemical Formula 3; ##STR00003##
and a unit of Chemical Formula 4; ##STR00004##
and a manufacturing method thereof.

A separation membrane (10) of the present disclosure includes: a separation functional layer (30) composed of a polyamide; and a coating (40) covering the separation functional layer (30) and containing a polymer having a repeating unit represented by the following formula (1). In the formula (1), N.sup.+ is a nitrogen atom constituting a quaternary ammonium cation, and R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are each independently a substituent containing a carbon atom bonded to the nitrogen atom. ##STR00001##

A separation membrane (10) of the present disclosure includes: a separation functional layer (30) composed of a polyamide; and a coating (40) covering the separation functional layer (30) and containing a polymer having a repeating unit represented by the following formula (1). In the formula (1), N.sup.+ is a nitrogen atom constituting a quaternary ammonium cation, and R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are each independently a substituent containing a carbon atom bonded to the nitrogen atom. ##STR00001##

An object of the present invention is to provide a separation membrane having high permeability and selective removability of divalent/monovalent ions. The separation membrane of the present invention includes a supporting membrane and a separation functional layer formed on the supporting membrane, in which the separation functional layer contains a polymerized product of a polyfunctional amine with a polyfunctional acid halide, the polyfunctional amine contains a polyfunctional aliphatic amine as a main component, the separation functional layer has a hollow protuberant structure, and the separation functional layer has a relative surface area of 1.1-10.0.

An object of the present invention is to provide a separation membrane having high permeability and selective removability of divalent/monovalent ions. The separation membrane of the present invention includes a supporting membrane and a separation functional layer formed on the supporting membrane, in which the separation functional layer contains a polymerized product of a polyfunctional amine with a polyfunctional acid halide, the polyfunctional amine contains a polyfunctional aliphatic amine as a main component, the separation functional layer has a hollow protuberant structure, and the separation functional layer has a relative surface area of 1.1-10.0.

This invention relates to a method for the enzymatic synthesis of oligosaccharides, preferably human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) The method comprises the enzymatic transfer of a glycosyl moiety and subsequent removal of by-products, such as lactose, by nanofiltration using a membrane comprising an active polyamide layer.