This invention relates to a method for the enzymatic synthesis of oligosaccharides, preferably human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) The method comprises the enzymatic transfer of a glycosyl moiety and subsequent removal of by-products, such as lactose, by nanofiltration using a membrane comprising an active polyamide layer.

A method of making a polymer membrane, the method including providing a first monomer solution having a first solvent, a second monomer solution having a second solvent, and a substrate having a surface, and including electrospraying the first monomer solution onto the substrate surface and electrospraying the second monomer solution onto the substrate surface to form the polymer membrane on at least a portion of the substrate surface.

A method of making a polymer membrane, the method including providing a first monomer solution having a first solvent, a second monomer solution having a second solvent, and a substrate having a surface, and including electrospraying the first monomer solution onto the substrate surface and electrospraying the second monomer solution onto the substrate surface to form the polymer membrane on at least a portion of the substrate surface.

A feedstock solution flow concentration system, which has a first step for counterflowing or parallel flowing a feedstock solution flow a containing a solute and a solvent b, and a draw solution flow d via a forward osmosis membrane o and transferring the solvent b in the feedstock solution flow a to the draw solution flow d to obtain a concentrated feedstock solution flow c, which is the feedstock solution flow which has been concentrated, and a diluted draw solution flow e, which is the draw solution flow which has been diluted.

A feedstock solution flow concentration system, which has a first step for counterflowing or parallel flowing a feedstock solution flow a containing a solute and a solvent b, and a draw solution flow d via a forward osmosis membrane o and transferring the solvent b in the feedstock solution flow a to the draw solution flow d to obtain a concentrated feedstock solution flow c, which is the feedstock solution flow which has been concentrated, and a diluted draw solution flow e, which is the draw solution flow which has been diluted.

The present invention provides a composite membrane suitable for liquid-liquid filtration/reverse osmosis. The invention also provides a copolymer useful in the composite membrane, the copolymer comprising an anchoring repeating unit and a foulant-repelling repeating unit, as well as methods for preparing the composite membrane and copolymers. In a preferred embodiment, a copolymer (P [SBMA-co-HEMA]) is synthesized via the free radical copolymerization of a zwitterionic monomer of sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA) and an anchoring monomer of hydroxyl ethyl methacrylate (HEMA).

The present invention provides a composite membrane suitable for liquid-liquid filtration/reverse osmosis. The invention also provides a copolymer useful in the composite membrane, the copolymer comprising an anchoring repeating unit and a foulant-repelling repeating unit, as well as methods for preparing the composite membrane and copolymers. In a preferred embodiment, a copolymer (P [SBMA-co-HEMA]) is synthesized via the free radical copolymerization of a zwitterionic monomer of sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA) and an anchoring monomer of hydroxyl ethyl methacrylate (HEMA).

The present disclosure is directed to methods and systems of purifying solvents. The purified solvents can be used for cleaning a semiconductor substrate in a multistep semiconductor manufacturing process.

The present disclosure is directed to methods and systems of purifying solvents. The purified solvents can be used for cleaning a semiconductor substrate in a multistep semiconductor manufacturing process.

The present disclosure relates to an ultra-thin polymer separation membrane including: a porous polymer support layer; a gutter layer formed on the porous polymer support layer; and a semi-crystalline polymer selection layer formed on the gutter layer, wherein the semi-crystalline polymer selection layer is coated with a nanometer-level thickness in a state in which the temperature of a semi-crystalline polymer solution is 0° C. to −50° C. Therefore, the crystallinity and orientation of the ultra-thin polymer separation membrane, essentially required for the scale-up of a separation membrane process and the actual application in the industry, can be controlled easily using a low-temperature coating method, in which the temperature of the polymer solution is lowered, during the coating of the selection layer. Furthermore, separation performance can be enhanced remarkably by using only polymers as raw materials, without additional additives that have been used in the manufacturing of conventional ultra-thin polymer separation membranes.