Electroactive polymers having redox activatable moieties pendant from a polymeric backbone, and compositions of the electroactive polymers are disclosed. The polymers are useful in membranes for electrochemical cells, and for facilitation of electrolytically-based carbon dioxide enrichment.

A gas separation membrane containing a matrix resin and hyperbranched polymer- or dendrimer-bound, heteromorphous shaped silica nanoparticles, which are formed of heteromorphous shaped silica nanoparticles having surfaces onto which a hyperbranched polymer or a dendrimer is chemically added.

Disclosed are methods of preparing antifouling coatings on reverse osmosis membranes with initiated vapor deposition or oxidative vapor deposition. The coatings enhance the stability and lifetime of membranes without sacrificing performance characteristics, such as permeability or salt retention.

Disclosed are methods of preparing antifouling coatings on reverse osmosis membranes with initiated vapor deposition or oxidative vapor deposition. The coatings enhance the stability and lifetime of membranes without sacrificing performance characteristics, such as permeability or salt retention.

To provide: a polymer having excellent mechanical strength and tensile strength; a simple method for producing the polymer; a separation membrane and an electrolyte membrane produced by using the polymer and having excellent chemical durability and mechanical strength; a fuel cell, water electrolysis, and an electrolysis technique in which the electrolyte membrane is used. The polymer has a repeating unit represented by the following Formula (1) and a repeating unit represented by the following Formula (2).

##STR00001##

In Formulas (1) and (2), Ar.sup.1 is a group containing an aromatic ring. Ar.sup.2 is each independently a group having a structure represented by the above Formula (3) at both ends. L.sup.1 is an organic group in which an angle formed between two bonding hands that L.sup.1 is 45 to 90 degrees.

To provide: a polymer having excellent mechanical strength and tensile strength; a simple method for producing the polymer; a separation membrane and an electrolyte membrane produced by using the polymer and having excellent chemical durability and mechanical strength; a fuel cell, water electrolysis, and an electrolysis technique in which the electrolyte membrane is used. The polymer has a repeating unit represented by the following Formula (1) and a repeating unit represented by the following Formula (2).

##STR00001##

In Formulas (1) and (2), Ar.sup.1 is a group containing an aromatic ring. Ar.sup.2 is each independently a group having a structure represented by the above Formula (3) at both ends. L.sup.1 is an organic group in which an angle formed between two bonding hands that L.sup.1 is 45 to 90 degrees.

An ultra-thin anion exchange membrane incorporates functional additives to provide improved water management. Without the functional additives the ultra-thin membrane may have high cross-over and not be effective for many applications. A composite anion exchange membrane includes a porous scaffold support such as a porous polymer. The anion exchange polymer may be coupled to the porous scaffold, such as by being imbibed into the pores of the porous scaffold. The functional additives may contribute to increase water production, water retention, back-diffusion and reduce the gas crossover. A functional additive may include a reactive species, including a catalyst that reacts with oxygen or hydrogen, a plasticizer, a hygroscopic material and/or a radical scavenger.

An ultra-thin anion exchange membrane incorporates functional additives to provide improved water management. Without the functional additives the ultra-thin membrane may have high cross-over and not be effective for many applications. A composite anion exchange membrane includes a porous scaffold support such as a porous polymer. The anion exchange polymer may be coupled to the porous scaffold, such as by being imbibed into the pores of the porous scaffold. The functional additives may contribute to increase water production, water retention, back-diffusion and reduce the gas crossover. A functional additive may include a reactive species, including a catalyst that reacts with oxygen or hydrogen, a plasticizer, a hygroscopic material and/or a radical scavenger.

An ordered functional nanoporous material (OFMN) composition includes a pore defined by a sidewall, the sidewall comprising NCN linkages therein. A process for synthesis of a reagent includes the reaction of a 6,7-diaminoquinoxaline having R groups with hexaketocyclohexane (HKH) octahydrate, where R is independently in each occurrence H, Cl, Br, I, C.sub.4H.sub.4S (thiophenyl), SO.sub.3.sup., CO.sub.2.sup., CCH, CHCH.sub.2, NH.sub.2, OH, CN, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl, (CH.sub.2).sub.xCHCH.sub.2, or (CH.sub.2).sub.yCHCH(CH.sub.2).sub.z where x or (y+z) is an integer of 0 to 4 inclusive, (CH.sub.2).sub.jCHCH, or (CH.sub.2).sub.kCHC(CH.sub.2).sub.r where j or (k+r) 0 to 4 inclusive. A process of degasification that includes extracting a gas from a mixture by exposing the mixture to an OFNM to selectively pass the gas therethrough. A process of dehydrogenation includes exposing an aliphatically unsaturated feedstock to platinum modified OFNM under conditions to form hydrogen and selectively passing the hydrogen through the platinum modified OFNM.

An ordered functional nanoporous material (OFMN) composition includes a pore defined by a sidewall, the sidewall comprising NCN linkages therein. A process for synthesis of a reagent includes the reaction of a 6,7-diaminoquinoxaline having R groups with hexaketocyclohexane (HKH) octahydrate, where R is independently in each occurrence H, Cl, Br, I, C.sub.4H.sub.4S (thiophenyl), SO.sub.3.sup., CO.sub.2.sup., CCH, CHCH.sub.2, NH.sub.2, OH, CN, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl, (CH.sub.2).sub.xCHCH.sub.2, or (CH.sub.2).sub.yCHCH(CH.sub.2).sub.z where x or (y+z) is an integer of 0 to 4 inclusive, (CH.sub.2).sub.jCHCH, or (CH.sub.2).sub.kCHC(CH.sub.2).sub.r where j or (k+r) 0 to 4 inclusive. A process of degasification that includes extracting a gas from a mixture by exposing the mixture to an OFNM to selectively pass the gas therethrough. A process of dehydrogenation includes exposing an aliphatically unsaturated feedstock to platinum modified OFNM under conditions to form hydrogen and selectively passing the hydrogen through the platinum modified OFNM.