Disclosed are a composite absorbent and a method for using same in the absorption and conversion of ethylene oxide for the coupling co-production of ethylene carbonate. The composite absorbent comprises an ionic liquid and ethylene carbonate, wherein the ionic liquid is an imidazole ionic liquid, a quaternary ammonium ionic liquid and a quaternary phosphonium ionic liquid. The composite absorbent is used for absorbing ethylene oxide and carbon dioxide, and is also used in the absorption and conversion of ethylene oxide for the coupling co-production of ethylene carbonate.

Embodiments of apparatuses and methods for reforming of hydrocarbons including recovery of products are provided. In one example, a method comprises separating a reforming-zone effluent into a net gas phase stream and a liquid phase hydrocarbon stream. The net gas phase stream is separated for forming an H.sub.2-rich stream and a first liquid phase hydrocarbon stream. The H.sub.2-rich stream may be contacted with an adsorbent to form an H.sub.2-ultra rich stream and a gas stream. C.sub.3/C.sub.4 hydrocarbons are absorbed from the gas stream with the liquid phase hydrocarbon stream. The gas stream may be contacted with an H.sub.2/hydrocarbon separation membrane to separate the PSA tail gas stream and form an H.sub.2-rich permeate stream and an H.sub.2 depleted non-permeate residue stream.

The invention discloses methods and apparatus(es) for the removal and control of pollutants such as gases and suspended particulates in the air of an enclosed space or an outdoor environment by passing the air through absorbent media. The absorbent media includes any liquid, solid or combination of liquid and solid media that is capable of absorbing a material in which it comes in contact. In one aspect of the invention, formaldehyde is removed by air sparging through a liquid such as water, optionally containing additional scavenging agents.

Methods and systems for converting ammonium waste streams into certifiably Organic ammonium salts having a variety of uses in greenhouse gas-reducing activities are herein described. The resulting ammonium salt compositions can be used to enhance crop yield.

Provided is a composition for removing a sulfur-containing compound present in liquid or vapor, the sulfur-containing compound being hydrogen sulfide, an —SH group-containing compound or a mixture thereof, the composition containing an α,β-unsaturated aldehyde represented by the following general formula (1) as an active ingredient; ##STR00001##
wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 each independently represent an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms or an aryl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, or are connected to each other to represent an alkylene group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms; and R.sup.3 represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, or is connected to R.sup.1 to represent an alkylene group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms.

Provided is a process for separating an organic isocyanate prepared by reacting an organic amine with a stoichiometric excess of phosgene in the gas phase from the gaseous crude product obtained in the reaction, the process comprising the steps of (i) at least partially condensing the crude product stream containing at least the isocyanate, hydrogen chloride and unconverted phosgene by contacting with at least one liquid stream containing at least one quench liquid in a first separation apparatus to obtain a liquid stream containing at least some of the quench liquid and some of the isocyanate and a gas stream containing at least hydrogen chloride, evaporated quench liquid and phosgene, (ii) discharging the liquid stream obtained in step (i) via a first liquid outlet and of the gas stream obtained in (i) via a first gas conduit and (iii) at least partially condensing and/or absorbing the gas stream discharged in step (ii) through the first gas conduit, wherein that the at least partial condensation and/or absorption is effected in step (iii) by direct introduction of at least one cooling fluid, wherein the cooling fluid is introduced directly into the first gas conduit via at least one addition unit assigned to the first gas conduit.

Methods for estimating the solvency potential for various chemical additives used for asphaltene deposit remediation or inhibition have been developed. These methods can be used for remediating or inhibiting asphaltene deposition in various applications including upstream production (e.g., near-wellbore, downhole, flow-lines, separators), midstream processes (e.g., pipe lines, transport, and storage), and downstream (e.g., hydrocarbon refining).

The disclosure provides seven integrated methods for the chemical sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO.sub.2) (collectively NO.sub.x, where x=1, 2) and sulfur dioxide (SO.sub.2) using closed loop technology. The methods recycle process reagents and mass balance consumable reagents that can be made using electrochemical separation of sodium chloride (NaCl) or potassium chloride (KCl). The technology applies to marine and terrestrial exhaust gas sources for CO.sub.2, NOx and SO.sub.2. The integrated technology combines compatible and green processes that capture and/or convert CO.sub.2, NOx and SO.sub.2 into compounds that enhance the environment, many with commercial value.

The embodiments provide an acidic gas absorbent having low diffusibility, an acidic gas removal method, and an acidic gas removal apparatus. The acidic gas absorbent according to the embodiment comprises: an amine compound having a vapor pressure of 0.001 to 10 Pa at 20° C.; a water-soluble polymer compound having a mass-average molecular weight of 900 to 200000 and not containing a functional group having a pKa value greater than 7 except for hydroxy; and water.

Methods and systems for treating an olefin-containing stream are disclosed. The disclosed methods and systems are particularly suitable for treating an off-gas stream in a refining or petrochemical process, such as from a fluid catalytic cracker (FCC), coker, steam cracker, and the like. The stream is treated in an absorber column to reject lighter stream components and to absorb ethylene and/or propylene into a solvent. The solvent is typically isobutane. The enriched solvent stream from the absorber column is fed to an alkylation reactor, which reacts the dissolved olefin with the isobutane solvent to produce an alkylate product.