Provided is an ultrafine bubble generating apparatus that generates ultrafine bubbles by generating film boiling by causing a heater provided in a liquid to generate heat, the ultrafine bubble generating apparatus including: an element substrate including a first heater that generates the film boiling in the liquid and a second heater that is arranged adjacent to the first heater, in which the first heater and the second heater are driven in different timings.

The present invention provides a fine bubble generating apparatus capable of generating fine bubbles efficiently. The present invention includes a fluid flow passage that includes a narrow portion in at least a part thereof, a heating part capable of heating a liquid flowing through the fluid flow passage, and a controlling unit that controls the heating part. The controlling unit controls the heating part to generate film boiling in the liquid to generate ultrafine bubbles.

A method of producing a carbonated beverage comprising a blend of water and syrup having a predetermined final carbonation level. The method includes the steps of: introducing CO.sub.2 into a flowing stream of a product blend comprising water, syrup and dissolved oxygen, such that CO.sub.2 is dissolved in the product blend; deaerating the CO.sub.2-containing product blend by introducing the blend into a vented atmospheric vessel, the interior of which is at ambient pressure with a headspace maintained above the surface of the liquid within the vessel, whereby dissolved oxygen is released from the product blend and vented from the vessel; pumping the deaerated product blend from the vessel, wherein the deaerated blend includes dissolved CO.sub.2 at an intermediate carbonation level less than the final carbonation level; and carbonating the deaerated product blend to the final carbonation level downstream of the vented vessel to produce a carbonated beverage for subsequent packaging. A system for performing the method is also provided, as well as a method of producing a beverage using nitrogen deaeration.

A system for stabilizing gas-infused liquid, includes a tubular flow path configured to receive and pass therethrough the gas-infused liquid under a pressure of at least 20 psi, wherein a surface of the flow path configured to engage the gas-infused liquid flowing through the flow path is formed of material having a surface roughness (Ra) in a range of 0.1 m-10.0 m, and the flow path has a length which is at least 100 times a mean inner diameter thereof.

Processes for processing bio-sourced oil to produce bio-sourced oil dielectric fluids can be carried out using an apparatus mounted on a mobile transport platform system having a total footprint of no more than about 30 m.sup.2. The processes use a described array of pumps, heaters, filters, a degasser and vacuum system, and an additive metering/mixing valve system to achieve production under low energy and pressure conditions.

A cleaning apparatus (10) for a semiconductor substrate that cleans a semiconductor substrate by using ozone water, including cooling means (3) for cooling ozone water (W2) of 20 C. or more to a predetermined temperature, and cleaning means (4) for cleaning a substrate by using ozone water (W3) cooled by the cooling means (3). The cleaning means (4) has a cleaning tank (41) for cleaning the substrate by immersing the substrate in the ozone water (W3) cooled by the cooling means (3). According to a cleaning method using the semiconductor substrate cleaning apparatus (10), by immersing a semiconductor substrate in ozone water, organic substances, such as resist, and metal foreign materials remaining on the substrate surface are cleaned and removed, and the loss of substrate material in a cleaning step can be reduced.

A system for stabilizing gas-infused liquid, includes a tubular flow path configured to receive and pass therethrough the gas-infused liquid under a pressure of at least 20 psi, wherein a surface of the flow path configured to engage the gas-infused liquid flowing through the flow path is formed of material having a surface roughness (Ra) in a range of 0.1 m-10.0 m, and the flow path has a length which is at least 100 times a mean inner diameter thereof.

A system for stabilizing gas-infused liquid, includes a tubular flow path configured to receive and pass therethrough the gas-infused liquid under a pressure of at least 20 psi, wherein a surface of the flow path configured to engage the gas-infused liquid flowing through the flow path is formed of material having a surface roughness (Ra) in a range of 0.1 m-10.0 m, and the flow path has a length which is at least 100 times a mean inner diameter thereof.

A system for stabilizing gas-infused liquid, includes a tubular flow path configured to receive and pass therethrough the gas-infused liquid under a pressure of at least 20 psi, wherein a surface of the flow path configured to engage the gas-infused liquid flowing through the flow path is formed of material having a surface roughness (Ra) in a range of 0.1 m-10.0 m, and the flow path has a length which is at least 100 times a mean inner diameter thereof.

A device for continuously mixing a first powder and a second powder, includes a first metering device for continuously metering the first powder, and a second metering device for continuously metering the second powder, a mixer designed to mix the first powder metered by the first metering device and the second powder metered by the second metering device so as to supply a continuous stream of powder mixed according to a determined ratio, and a sampling device designed to sample a fraction of the stream of mixed powder.