Provided is a reformate hydrotreatment method, the method comprising: under liquid phase hydrotreatment conditions, bringing the reformate and a catalyst having a catalytic hydrogenation effect into contact in a hydrogenation reactor, the hydrogen used in the hydrotreating process at least partially coming from the hydrogen dissolved in the reformate. According to the method of the present invention, the reformate separated from a reformate products separating tank can directly undergo liquid phase hydrotreatment; therefore not only can the hydrogen dissolved in the reformate be fully utilized, but the olefins in the reformate can also be removed, while eliminate the requirements for recycle hydrogen and a recycle device thereof. The reformate obtained by the method of the present invention reduces the bromine index to below 50 mgBr.sub.2/100 g, and has an arene loss of less than 0.5 wt %.

Provided is a hydrocarbon oil hydrotreating method, comprising the following steps: (1) injecting hydrogen into the hydrocarbon oil via an opening having a nanoscale average diameter, so as to obtain hydrocarbon oil containing hydrogen; and (2) under a liquid phase hydrotreating condition, feeding into a reactor the hydrocarbon oil containing hydrogen to contact a catalyst having a hydrogenation catalysis effect. The method of the present invention can quickly and efficiently disperse and dissolve the hydrogen into the hydrocarbon oil even without the aid of a diluent or circulating oil, so as to obtain stable hydrogen-containing hydrocarbon oil with a high hydrogen content, and obtain an hydrotreating effect equivalent to or even better than the existing hydrotreating methods.

The invention provides a microdroplet- or bubble-producing device that does not require separate through-holes for different liquid droplet/air bubble-producing flow channels. The droplet-producing flow channels are configured in a three-dimensional manner unlike in a conventional device where they are configured in a two-dimensional plane, and therefore the flow channels can be provided in a more high-density configuration than the prior art. In the microdroplet/bubble-producing device comprising slit(s) and the row of the plurality of microflow channels, the slit(s) is/are a continuous phase supply slit, a dispersion phase supply slit and a discharge slit, the plurality of microflow channels are configured so that the ends of the slit(s) and the two supply ports on both sides or the supply port and discharge port on either side are mutually connected, and at the sites of connection between the microflow channels and the slit(s), the dispersion phase undergoes shear with the continuous phase flow as the driving force, producing droplets or air bubbles of the dispersion phase, which are recovered from the discharge port.

The present disclosure relates to reactor components and their use, e.g., in regenerative reactors. A process and apparatus for utilizing different wetted areas along the flow path of a fluid in a pyrolysis reactor, e.g., a thermally regenerating reactor, such as a regenerative, reverse-flow reactor, is described.

A method and system for controlling an interface emulsion layer within an oil treatment vessel includes injecting a water flow through a plurality of radial eductors arranged about a radial eductor manifold located in the brine water layer. Each radial eductor is oriented vertically to the radial eductor manifold and the horizontal axis of the oil treatment vessel. The water flow through the plurality of radial eductors causes a swirling flow pattern in a volume of water around each radial eductor that is effective for promoting a collapse of the interface emulsion layer. The water flow through each radial eductor, which may be a recycled water flow, may be in a range of about 1 to 5 feet per minute.

An apparatus for oxidation of a C.sub.8-C.sub.12 alkylbenzene reactant to a C.sub.8-C.sub.12 alkylbenzene hydroperoxide product, the re-actor can comprise: a flow reactor comprising a reactant inlet, an oxidate product outlet, wherein the reactor is configured to provide a liquid flow from the reactant inlet to the product outlet, a gas inlet configured to introduce an oxygen-containing gas into the reactor and an inlet sparger configured to flow gas bubbles comprising the oxygen-containing gas within the liquid flow, and wherein: the inlet sparger is configured to flow the gas bubbles having a diameter of 1.0 mm to 5.0 mm over a gas bubble residence time from 1 to 200 seconds, and/or the inlet sparger configured to flow the gas bubbles such that greater than or equal to 80% of the gas bubbles do not coalesce into larger bubbles over a gas bubble residence time of 1 to 200 seconds.

We provide systems for ionic liquid catalyzed hydrocarbon conversion that comprise a modular reactor comprising a plurality of mixer modules. The mixer modules may be arranged in series. One or more feed modules are disposed between the mixer modules. Such systems may be used for ionic liquid catalyzed alkylation reactions. Processes for ionic liquid catalyzed hydrocarbon conversion are also disclosed.

Methods for generating a purified catalyst are provided. The method includes performing a reaction in a reaction vessel to generate a liquid catalyst and reaction products, purging the reaction products using an inert gas to form a purged catalyst, freezing the purged catalyst in the reaction vessel, and applying a vacuum to the reaction vessel while the purged catalyst thaws, wherein the vacuum removes residual reaction products to form a purified catalyst. Systems for generating a purified catalyst and a purified catalyst are also provided.

The present invention includes a reactor main body (4) that is formed into a tubular shape having an axis (O) as the center and accumulates a slurry (S); a gas supply line (10) for incorporating a synthesis gas (G) into the reactor main body (4), and a sparger part (5) that is disposed in a lower portion within the reactor main body (4), communicates with the gas supply line (10), and sprays the synthesis gas (G). The sparger part (5) includes a header tube (15) in which a plurality of openings are formed so as to be separated from each other in a first direction and which sprays the synthesis gas (G) from the openings, and a pair of wall surface parts that protrude from the header tube (15), on opposing sides of the plurality of openings and in a direction orthogonal to the first direction.

The present invention discloses a hydrogen sulfide reactor vessel with an external heating system that is conductively and removably attached to an exterior portion of the reactor vessel. Also disclosed are processes for producing hydrogen sulfide utilizing the reactor vessel.