Catalytic filters are usable in hydrogenation and emissions control processes. The catalytic filters include an open inlet into a hollow body and a closed end thereby forcing fluid or gas through a porous catalytic layer of the filter. The catalytic layer includes inorganic fibers and a catalyst disposed on or incorporated into the fibers.

A tubular reactor comprises a powder bed in an annular space delimited by a first wall, of a hollow tube and a second wall, of a hollow insert, the hollow insert comprises a distribution chamber and a collection chamber, separated by at least one partition wall, the distribution chamber is provided with a plurality of distributing openings whereas the collection chamber is provided with a collecting opening, the plurality of distributing openings and the collecting opening are formed at the second wall, the distributing openings enabling the distribution of a gas capable of being admitted through the intake opening from the distribution chamber—towards the annular space, and the collecting opening enabling the collection of the gas distributed in the annular space by the collection chamber.

The present invention relates generally to an apparatus for housing a chemical looping process comprising of at least one fluidized-bed combustor reactor, at least one entrained riser, at least one particle separator, optionally at least one particle holding reactor, at least one moving-bed reactor, at least one standpipe, at least one L-valve system for solid flow control and interconnecting sections.

A tubular reactor comprises a catalytic powder bed confined in an annular space delimited by an inner wall and an outer wall, the insert comprises a distribution chamber and a collection chamber, separated by at least one first partition wall, the distribution chamber comprising distribution compartments separated from one another by second partition walls, each distribution compartment and the collection chamber comprising, respectively, an intake opening and a discharge opening, the inner wall comprises distributing openings and a collecting opening, each distributing opening enabling the distribution of a gas towards the annular space, and the collecting opening enabling the collection of the gas distributed in the annular space by the collection chamber.

The reaction rate of hydrocarbon pyrolysis can be increased to produce solid carbon and hydrogen by the use of molten materials which have catalytic functionality to increase the rate of reaction and physical properties that facilitate the formation and contamination-free separation of the solid carbon. Processes, materials, reactor configurations, and conditions are disclosed whereby methane and other hydrocarbons can be decomposed at high reaction rates into hydrogen gas and carbon products without any carbon oxides in a single reaction step. The process also makes use of specific properties of selected materials with unique solubilities and/or wettability of products into (and/or by) the molten phase to facilitate generation of purified products and increased conversion in more general reactions.

The invention relates to a reactor and a method for producing a product, wherein the reactor comprises an inner part which is formed at least in part from a porous material comprising a catalyst and in which at least one reactant is arranged to flow into the inner part and after that through the porous material to form a product, a shell structure which surrounds the inner part, a space between the inner part and the shell structure in which the product formed from the reactant in the porous material is arranged to flow out from the reactor, and a heating device for heating electrically the porous material. Further, the invention relates to the use of the reactor.

The present specification discloses a membrane reactor comprising a reaction region; a permeate region; and a composite membrane disposed at a boundary of the reaction region and the permeate region, wherein the reaction region comprises a bed filled with a catalyst for dehydrogenation reaction, wherein the composite membrane comprises a support layer including a metal with a body-centered-cubic (BCC) crystal structure, and a catalyst layer including a palladium (Pd) or a palladium alloy formed onto the support layer, wherein ammonia (NH.sub.3) is supplied to the reaction region, the ammonia is converted into hydrogen (H.sub.2) by the dehydrogenation reaction in the presence of the catalyst for dehydrogenation reaction, and the hydrogen permeates the composite membrane and is emitted from the membrane reactor through the permeate region.

The invention provides an improvement in terms of control and process technology for a method of continuous removal of a component from a liquid mixture using a membrane unit comprising at least one membrane stage. The improvement is that a portion of the overall permeate stream is recycled to the feed vessel and/or beyond the feed vessel but upstream of the conveying device, and the remainder of the overall permeate stream is removed, with the recycled permeate having a higher concentration of the component to be separated off than the removed permeate. The presently disclosed method can especially be used for separation of a homogeneously dissolved catalyst from a liquid reaction mixture.

A liquid fuel synthesis system includes a liquid fuel synthesis unit and a sweep gas supply unit. The liquid fuel synthesis unit is permeable to a product of a conversion reaction of a raw material gas containing at least hydrogen and carbon dioxide to a liquid fuel. The sweep gas supply unit for supplying a sweep gas for sweeping the product has permeating through the separation membrane to the liquid fuel synthesis unit. The sweep gas contains hydrogen or carbon dioxide as a main component.

The present invention relates generally to an apparatus for housing a chemical looping process comprising of at least one fluidized-bed combustor reactor, at least one entrained riser, at least one particle separator, optionally at least one particle holding reactor, at least one moving-bed reactor, at least one standpipe, at least one L-valve system for solid flow control and interconnecting sections.