An apparatus of hydrocarbon fuel reactors separates and purifies carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2). Interconnected fluidized beds are applied in chemical-looping combustion. A multi-stage reduction reaction is processed with iron-based oxygen carriers. Three reduction stages using the iron-based oxygen carriers are accurately and completely controlled. Each of the three stages is separately processed in an individual space. Oxygen in the iron-based oxygen carriers can be fully released. High-purity CO.sub.2 is obtained. Hydrogen can be produced as an option. Horizontal connection of three reduction reactors is changed into vertical one. An oxidation reactor is further connected. Thus, the whole structure occupies less area and effectively uses vertical space. Not only small space is effectively used; but also high-volume capacity is obtained. Each of the reactors has better geometry flexibility. The tandem reactor in each layer has less geometric influence and limitation. Therefore, each of the reactors can be resized on its own.

In a known method for treating pourable, inorganic grain, a heated rotary tube is used that rotates about an axis of rotation and surrounds a treatment chamber that is divided into a plurality of treatment zones by means of separating elements. The grain is supplied to the treatment chamber at a grain inlet side and is transported, in a grain transport direction, to a grain outlet side and is exposed to a treatment gas in the process. In order, proceeding herefrom, to allow for reliable and reproducible thermal treatment of pourable inorganic grain, in particular SiO.sub.2 grain in the rotary kiln, in a manner having low and effective consumption of treatment gas, it is proposed for spent treatment gas to be suctioned out of a reaction zone of the treatment chamber, by a gas manifold that rotates about the longitudinal axis thereof.

An apparatus for processing graphite particles is disclosed. The apparatus may comprise an electromagnetic radiation emitting device including a microwave device coupled to the reaction chamber for the creation of electromagnetic waves, the electromagnetic waves comprising microwaves. The apparatus may also comprise an inlet attached to the reaction chamber for introducing graphite particles, and an outlet attached to the reaction chamber for allowing processed graphite particles to exit the reaction chamber. The graphite particles in the reaction chamber thermally altered by exposure to the electromagnetic radiation such that the graphite particles are heated

Counter-flow heat exchanger is constructed with plenums at either end that separate the opposing fluids, the channels of which are arrayed in a checkerboard patterns, such that any given channel is surrounded by channels of opposing streams on four sides—laterally on both sides and vertically above and below.

Disclosed are a process and a system for treating contaminated soil. The process includes introducing a contaminated soil to an agitation unit. Ozone is supplied to the agitation unit thereby forming a soil-gas mixture, and the soil-gas mixture is agitated for sufficient time for the ozone to contact the contaminants thereby forming an ozone-treated soil and a residual gas-particulates mixture. The ozone-treated soil and the residual gas-particulates mixture are removed from the agitation unit. If necessary, remaining ozone is then flushed from the soil. The process occurs under negative pressure to prevent ozone from being released to the atmosphere.

Provided herein are methods, devices and systems for processing of carbonaceous compositions. The processing may include the manufacture (or synthesis) of oxidized forms of carbonaceous compositions and/or the manufacture (or synthesis) of reduced forms of oxidized carbonaceous compositions. Some embodiments provide methods, devices and systems for the manufacture (or synthesis) of graphite oxide from graphite and/or for the manufacture (or synthesis) of reduced graphite oxide from graphite oxide.

The present disclosure relates generally to two-stage biomass pyrolysis systems configured to maximize pyrolysis vapor yield from a lignocellulosic biomass while being conducive to commercial-scale throughput of lignocellulosic biomass. The system includes a reactor first stage comprising at least one auger pyrolyzes a lignocellulosic feedstock at a temperature and residence time that produces pyrolysis vapors derived predominantly from cellulose and hemi-cellulose fractions of the feedstock. A reactor second stage is configured to partially-pyrolyzed feedstock from the reactor first stage at a higher temperature for an additional residence time to produce additional pyrolysis vapors that are predominantly derived from of lignin. Certain embodiments arrange multiple reactor first stages around a single reactor second stage.

The invention relates to a process for producing energy products, notably fuel, by catalytic cracking of a hydrocarbon-based solid material without coke formation, in which a cracking dispersion (40) is heated, said dispersion comprising: a solid material (1) in divided form containing at least one hydrocarbon-based compound; a liquid (30) which is inert with respect to catalytic cracking;
so that the cracking dispersion (40) reaches a temperature suitable for allowing catalytic cracking of at least one hydrocarbon-based compound;
characterized in that the cracking temperature is reached by mixing an amount of cracking dispersion (40) and an amount of inert liquid (30) brought to a temperature above the cracking temperature, such that the mixture formed reaches a temperature above the cracking temperature and below the temperature for formation of coke, dioxin and furan. The invention also relates to a device for performing such a process.

A process for the production of a hydrocarbon fluid includes the step of catalytically hydrogenating a hydrocarbon cut in presence of both a dearomatization catalyst and a dewaxing catalyst in a single slurry reactor. A hydrocarbon fluid is also disclosed as being obtainable by the process.

The invention relates to a reactor comprising a moving bed of solid particles that move in the direction of gravitation, and to a method for heating a reactor that comprises a moving bed, for the purpose of pyrolysis reactions.