What is provided is a layered double hydroxide crystal for achieving higher ion-exchange capacity than that of the related art.

The layered double hydroxide crystal 1 according to the present embodiment is represented by Formula (1) and composed of a plurality of crystal grains 10 each of which has a lamination structure in which a plurality of plate-shaped crystals (11), (11), . . . are laminated, in which particle sizes of the plurality of crystal grains (10), (10), . . . are uniform on a microscale.

[Ni.sup.2+.sub.1-xFe.sup.3+.sub.x(OH).sub.2].[(Cl.sup.−).sub.X/2]  (1) (Where, 0.25<x≤0.9)

In accordance with one aspect of the presently disclosed inventive concepts, a porous ceramic structure includes a three-dimensional printed structure having predefined features, where the three-dimensional structure has a geometric shape. The average length of the features may be at least 10 microns. The three-dimensional structure includes a ceramic material having an open cell structure with a plurality of pores, where the pores form continuous channels through the ceramic material from one side of the ceramic material to an opposite side of the ceramic material.

In accordance with one aspect of the presently disclosed inventive concepts, a porous ceramic structure includes a three-dimensional printed structure having predefined features, where the three-dimensional structure has a geometric shape. The average length of the features may be at least 10 microns. The three-dimensional structure includes a ceramic material having an open cell structure with a plurality of pores, where the pores form continuous channels through the ceramic material from one side of the ceramic material to an opposite side of the ceramic material.

The invention relates to devices, systems, and methods for conditioning a zirconium oxide sorbent module for use in dialysis after recharging. The devices, systems, and methods can provide for conditioning and recharging of zirconium oxide in a single system, or in separate systems.

The invention relates to devices, systems, and methods for conditioning a zirconium oxide sorbent module for use in dialysis after recharging. The devices, systems, and methods can provide for conditioning and recharging of zirconium oxide in a single system, or in separate systems.

There is provided a gas trapping material and vacuum heat insulation equipment where the gas trapping material can be activated in a sealing step of the vacuum heat insulation equipment, and production efficiency can be enhanced by maintaining a high gas trapping characteristic even when a gas is released in a baking step or in a sealing step under an air atmosphere. The gas trapping material contains porous metal oxide and silver particles having an average particle size of 0.5 nm to 100 nm inclusive.

There is provided a gas trapping material and vacuum heat insulation equipment where the gas trapping material can be activated in a sealing step of the vacuum heat insulation equipment, and production efficiency can be enhanced by maintaining a high gas trapping characteristic even when a gas is released in a baking step or in a sealing step under an air atmosphere. The gas trapping material contains porous metal oxide and silver particles having an average particle size of 0.5 nm to 100 nm inclusive.

A method of storing energy is disclosed. The method comprises heating a material that comprises a CO.sub.2 sorbed product and an additive to desorb CO.sub.2 from the material and to convert the CO.sub.2 sorbed product to a CO.sub.2 sorbent. The additive is selected such that it at least partially prevents during heating (i) sintering of the CO.sub.2 sorbent and/or the CO.sub.2 sorbed product; and (ii) the formation of a crust on the material, the crust minimising or preventing the CO.sub.2 sorbent and CO2 from reacting with one another to form the CO.sub.2 sorbed product in a subsequent CO.sub.2 absorption step. Also disclosed is a composition used to sorb and desorb CO.sub.2 in a thermal battery, and a system for implementing the method, the system using the composition.

Improvements in a lithium-ion extraction apparatus to extract lithium-ion from water and more specifically salt or brine water. The extraction of lithium-ion utilizing electromagnetic separation into a sorbent shortens the extraction time and minimizes environmental impact. The sorbent is typically a polymer that is in solution with the brine where direct contact with the brine water with the sorbent extracts lithium-ions. The fixed and magnetic field magnetic field increases the absorption in the sorbent by energizing the sorbent. The sorbent is in the form of porous beads that have selective lithium-ion affinity in a continuous solid-phase extraction process. The lithium-ion extraction apparatus includes fluid flow, agitation, pressure, and temperature control of the brine solution. The flow rate alters and controls the dwell time that the brine solution is in proximity to the electromagnets.

This invention employs columns and methods to apply external and internal standards and compounds. Analytical standard or compounds are adsorbed to a solid phase extraction media and are stored indefinitely. The standards or compounds remain stable on the solid phase extraction media without decomposing. The standards or compounds may be removed from the solid phase extraction media with a solvent.