The present invention relates to detection systems for detecting an opioid compound by use of pyrolysis, as well as methods thereof. In particular, the systems are configured to detect the presence of a backbone fragment indicative of a class of opioid compounds, including opioid analogues.

[Problems] To provide a column-use adsorbent having an excellent balance of adsorption capacity and durability, and an adsorption apparatus. [Means to solve problems] A column-use adsorbent made of powder of a porous particle group of hydroxyapatite or fluoroapatite formed by replacing at least part of a hydroxyl group of hydroxyapatite with fluorine atom, the porous particle group being a group of a plurality of porous particles having different particle sizes, the porous particle group meeting the condition of D.sub.Av×45/100≤D.sub.10≤D.sub.Av×75/100, in which D.sub.Av (μm) is an average particle size, and D.sub.10 (μm) is a particle size at which a cumulative volume of the porous particles from the small size side based on a particle size distribution is 10%.

[Problems] To provide a column-use adsorbent having an excellent balance of adsorption capacity and durability, and an adsorption apparatus. [Means to solve problems] A column-use adsorbent made of powder of a porous particle group of hydroxyapatite or fluoroapatite formed by replacing at least part of a hydroxyl group of hydroxyapatite with fluorine atom, the porous particle group being a group of a plurality of porous particles having different particle sizes, the porous particle group meeting the condition of D.sub.Av×45/100≤D.sub.10≤D.sub.Av×75/100, in which D.sub.Av (μm) is an average particle size, and D.sub.10 (μm) is a particle size at which a cumulative volume of the porous particles from the small size side based on a particle size distribution is 10%.

An activated carbon for adsorbing neutral per- and polyfluoroalkyl compounds used in quantitative analysis of neutral per- and polyfluoroalkyl compounds in a water sample includes an activated carbon having a BET specific surface area of 900 m2/g or more for desorbably adsorbing neutral per- and polyfluoroalkyl compounds distributed in a gas phase from the water sample by aerating or bubbling, with an inert gas as a carrier gas, the water sample sealed in a vessel and temperature-controlled to a temperature at which the neutral per- and polyfluoroalkyl compounds can be distributed in a gas phase.

An activated carbon for adsorbing neutral per- and polyfluoroalkyl compounds used in quantitative analysis of neutral per- and polyfluoroalkyl compounds in a water sample includes an activated carbon having a BET specific surface area of 900 m2/g or more for desorbably adsorbing neutral per- and polyfluoroalkyl compounds distributed in a gas phase from the water sample by aerating or bubbling, with an inert gas as a carrier gas, the water sample sealed in a vessel and temperature-controlled to a temperature at which the neutral per- and polyfluoroalkyl compounds can be distributed in a gas phase.

Preparation and use of specialized nanoparticles containing tetrapods/graphene/metal organic frameworks, which are very effective at separating rare earth elements. Such methods and systems can be used for separating neodymium (Nd), Dysprosium (Dy), Praseodymium (Pr) and other REEs. Such metal organic frameworks may also be useful for separating other metals (e.g., so called critical metals). The metal organic framework (MOF) material is synthesized by solid phase reaction of metal oxide (e.g., ZnO) tetrapod or other nanostructured metal oxides, which are functionalized with nanoplatelet graphene, and a polyfunctional organic acid (e.g., an aromatic polycarboxylic acid). Such a resulting metallic organic framework exhibits high selectivity towards light REEs (e.g., Nd and Py), with lower selectively towards heavy REEs (e.g., Dy), allowing separation of such from one another.

Preparation and use of specialized nanoparticles containing tetrapods/graphene/metal organic frameworks, which are very effective at separating rare earth elements. Such methods and systems can be used for separating neodymium (Nd), Dysprosium (Dy), Praseodymium (Pr) and other REEs. Such metal organic frameworks may also be useful for separating other metals (e.g., so called critical metals). The metal organic framework (MOF) material is synthesized by solid phase reaction of metal oxide (e.g., ZnO) tetrapod or other nanostructured metal oxides, which are functionalized with nanoplatelet graphene, and a polyfunctional organic acid (e.g., an aromatic polycarboxylic acid). Such a resulting metallic organic framework exhibits high selectivity towards light REEs (e.g., Nd and Py), with lower selectively towards heavy REEs (e.g., Dy), allowing separation of such from one another.

In accordance with embodiments of the present invention, a terpene-rich sample is prepared for terpene analysis using liquid chromatography via an extraction method that takes little time, uses minimal external equipment, and permits direct injection of extracted terpenes into a liquid chromatography instrument for analysis. An embodiment of the invention involves preparing a terpene-containing sample for analysis by liquid chromatography by liquid extraction; heating the liquid extract in a vial that contains a filter medium or solvent; collecting the terpenes in the medium by the vapor pressure forced through the filter from heating; and eluting the collected terpenes into a vial or directly into a chromatography injector.

The invention relates to strong hydrogen-bond acidic sorbents. The sorbents may be provided in a form that limits or eliminates intramolecular bonding of the hydrogen-bond acidic site between neighboring sorbent molecules, for example, by providing steric groups adjacent to the hydrogen-bond acidic site. The hydrogen bond site may be a phenolic structure based on a bisphenol architecture. The sorbents of the invention may be used in methods for trapping or detecting hazardous chemicals or explosives.

The invention relates to strong hydrogen-bond acidic sorbents. The sorbents may be provided in a form that limits or eliminates intramolecular bonding of the hydrogen-bond acidic site between neighboring sorbent molecules, for example, by providing steric groups adjacent to the hydrogen-bond acidic site. The hydrogen bond site may be a phenolic structure based on a bisphenol architecture. The sorbents of the invention may be used in methods for trapping or detecting hazardous chemicals or explosives.