A process for producing acetic acid comprises a process comprising: (1) carbonylating methanol; (2) separating the reaction mixture into a volatile phase and a less-volatile phase; (3) distilling the volatile phase to forma first overhead rich in a lower boiling component, and an acetic acid stream rich in acetic acid; and at least one step group selected from the group consisting of the following sections (4), (9), and (15): (4) a section for separating impurities from the acetic acid stream to give purified acetic acid, (9) a section for separating the first overhead into a stream rich in acetaldehyde and a stream rich in methyl iodide, and (15) a section for absorption-treating an off-gas from the process with an absorption solvent and forming a carbon monoxide-rich stream and an acetic acid-rich stream. In this process, the concentration of oxygen in a gaseous phase of the process is controlled to less than 7% by volume and/or the concentration of oxygen in a liquid phase of the process is controlled to less than 710.sup.5 g/g, and the formation of iodine is reduced. The process effectively reduces or prevents local corrosion of an inner wall of a process unit and/or line.

A process for injecting an immiscible liquid stream comprising a co-catalyst for a hydrocarbon conversion into a larger liquid stream that is an ionic liquid catalyst for the hydrocarbon conversion, comprising: a. feeding the immiscible liquid stream towards one or more injection quills in an additive delivery system comprising a transfer drum; b. transferring the immiscible liquid stream from the additive delivery system to the one or more injection quills in a solvent flushing system, fluidly connected downstream from the additive delivery system, wherein the solvent flushing system injects a solvent into one or more additive addition lines in the solvent flushing system; and c. continuously injecting the immiscible liquid stream into the larger liquid stream in an additive injection and mixing system comprising the one or more injection quills.

The subject invention pertains to a method of halogenating phenols, yielding a range of halogenated phenols with enantiomeric ratio of up to 99.5:0.5. In certain embodiments, the subject invention pertains to a method of asymmetric halogenation of bisphenol, yielding a range of chiral bisphenol ligands. The novel chiral bisphenols are potent privileged catalyst cores that can be applied to the preparation of ligands for various catalytic asymmetric reactions. The catalyst library can easily be accessed because late-stage modification of the scaffold can readily be executed through cross-coupling of the halogen handles on the bisphenols.

An object is to provide a method for producing a compound which is useful as a synthetic intermediate for an active pharmaceutical ingredient of an antidiabetic drug or the like in an industrially inexpensive and efficient manner, and the present invention can achieve the object by reducing a compound (2) represented by the following formula (2): ##STR00001## wherein R.sub.1, Ar, n and X are as mentioned herein in the presence of a titanium compound by using a reducing agent to produce a compound (1) represented by the following formula (1): ##STR00002## wherein R.sub.1, Ar and n are the same as defined above.

An integrated system comprising: a. an additive delivery system comprising a transfer drum that feeds an immiscible liquid stream towards one or more injection quills; b. a solvent flushing system, comprising one or more additive addition lines that transfer the immiscible liquid stream from the additive delivery system; and c. an additive injection and mixing system comprising the one or more injection quills, wherein the immiscible liquid stream is injected into a larger liquid stream. Also, a process comprising: a. feeding the immiscible liquid stream to a transfer drum; b. transferring the immiscible liquid stream from the transfer drum to injection quills in a solvent flushing system, wherein the solvent flushing system injects a solvent into one or more additive addition lines in the solvent flushing system; and c. injecting the immiscible liquid stream into the larger liquid stream in an additive injection and mixing system comprising injection quills.

Precatalysts of formula I and IV, and processes for the functionalization of SP2-carbons using the same are described herein. The precatalysts comprise a fluoroborate salt protected intramolecular frustrated lewis pair (FLP). The precatalysts are bench stable with improved stability towards moisture and/or air. The precatalysts can be used to generate in situ the corresponding FLP catalyst.

A process for producing acetic acid comprises a process comprising: (1) carbonylating methanol; (2) separating the reaction mixture into a volatile phase and a less-volatile phase; (3) distilling the volatile phase to form a first overhead rich in a lower boiling component, and an acetic acid stream rich in acetic acid; and at least one step group selected from the group consisting of the following sections (4), (9), and (15): (4) a section for separating impurities from the acetic acid stream to give purified acetic acid, (9) a section for separating the first overhead into a stream rich in acetaldehyde and a stream rich in methyl iodide, and (15) a section for absorption-treating an off-gas from the process with an absorption solvent and forming a carbon monoxide-rich stream and an acetic acid-rich stream. In this process, the concentration of oxygen in a gaseous phase of the process is controlled to less than 7% by volume and/or the concentration of oxygen in a liquid phase of the process is controlled to less than 710.sup.5 g/g, and the formation of iodine is reduced. The process effectively reduces or prevents local corrosion of an inner wall of a process unit and/or line.

A carbonylation process for producing acetic acid including: (a) carbonylating methanol or its reactive derivatives in the presence of a Group VIII metal catalyst and methyl iodide promoter to produce a liquid reaction mixture including acetic acid, water, methyl acetate and methyl iodide; (b) feeding the liquid reaction mixture at a feed temperature to a flash vessel which is maintained at a reduced pressure; (c) heating the flash vessel while concurrently flashing the reaction mixture to produce a crude product vapor stream, wherein the reaction mixture is selected and the flow rate of the reaction mixture fed to the flash vessel as well as the amount of heat supplied to the flash vessel is controlled such that the temperature of the crude product vapor stream is maintained at a temperature less than 90 F. cooler than the feed temperature of the liquid reaction mixture to the flasher and the concentration of acetic acid in the crude product vapor stream is greater than 70% by weight of the crude product vapor stream.

A catalyst including gold, or a compound thereof, and sulphur, a compound of sulphur, trichloroisocyanuric acid or a metal dichloroisocyanurate on a support, together with a process for manufacturing the catalyst and its use in a chemical process are described.

The invention relates to a method particularly for reacting phosgene with compounds that contain hydroxyl, thiol, amino and/or formamide groups, comprising the steps of: (I) providing a reactor which has a first reaction chamber (300, 310, 320, 330, 340, 350) and a second reaction chamber (200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260), the first and the second reaction chambers being separated from one another by means of a porous carbon membrane (100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150); (II) providing carbon monoxide and chlorine in the first reaction chamber; and simultaneously (III) providing a compound containing hydroxyl, thiol, amino and/or formamide groups in the second reaction chamber. The porous carbon membrane is configured to catalyse the reaction of carbon monoxide and chlorine to obtain phosgene, and to allow this formed phosgene to pass into the second reaction chamber. The invention also relates to a reactor that is suitable for carrying out the claimed method.