A method, including: contacting a carbene or carbyne precatalyst with a first co-catalyst, under reaction conditions sufficient to cause the first-co-catalyst to activate the carbene or carbyne precatalyst, wherein the first co-catalyst is selected from the group consisting of an aluminum activator, a Br.sub.2-1,4-dioxane complex, I.sub.2, PhICl.sub.2, and PCl.sub.5.

A process for producing acetic acid comprises a process comprising: (1) carbonylating methanol; (2) separating the reaction mixture into a volatile phase and a less-volatile phase; (3) distilling the volatile phase to form a first overhead rich in a lower boiling component, and an acetic acid stream rich in acetic acid; and at least one step group selected from the group consisting of the following sections (4), (9), and (15): (4) a section for separating impurities from the acetic acid stream to give purified acetic acid, (9) a section for separating the first overhead into a stream rich in acetaldehyde and a stream rich in methyl iodide, and (15) a section for absorption-treating an off-gas from the process with an absorption solvent and forming a carbon monoxide-rich stream and an acetic acid-rich stream. In this process, the concentration of oxygen in a gaseous phase of the process is controlled to less than 7% by volume and/or the concentration of oxygen in a liquid phase of the process is controlled to less than 710.sup.5 g/g, and the formation of iodine is reduced. The process effectively reduces or prevents local corrosion of an inner wall of a process unit and/or line.

The present disclosure provides a macroporous noble metal catalyst and processes employing such catalysts for the regeneration of deactivated ionic liquid catalyst containing conjunct polymer.

The invention describes a novel nickel-based composition. The invention also concerns the use of said composition as a catalytic composition in an olefin oligomerization process.

A process for injecting an immiscible liquid stream comprising a co-catalyst for a hydrocarbon conversion into a larger liquid stream that is an ionic liquid catalyst for the hydrocarbon conversion, comprising: a. feeding the immiscible liquid stream towards one or more injection quills in an additive delivery system comprising a transfer drum; b. transferring the immiscible liquid stream from the additive delivery system to the one or more injection quills in a solvent flushing system, fluidly connected downstream from the additive delivery system, wherein the solvent flushing system injects a solvent into one or more additive addition lines in the solvent flushing system; and c. continuously injecting the immiscible liquid stream into the larger liquid stream in an additive injection and mixing system comprising the one or more injection quills.

A carbonylation process for producing acetic acid including: (a) carbonylating methanol or its reactive derivatives in the presence of a Group VIII metal catalyst and methyl iodide promoter to produce a liquid reaction mixture including acetic acid, water, methyl acetate and methyl iodide; and (b) feeding the liquid reaction mixture at a feed temperature to a flash vessel which is maintained at a reduced pressure.

A catalyst composition, including a titanate of the formula Ti(OR).sub.4 wherein each R is the same or different, and is a hydrocarbon residue; a catalyst additive, wherein the catalyst additive is a dibutyl ether a silicate, a silazane, an aromatic ether, a fluorocarbon, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing; and an organic aluminum compound.

The invention relates to a method particularly for reacting phosgene with compounds that contain hydroxyl, thiol, amino and/or formamide groups, comprising the steps of: (I) providing a reactor which has a first reaction chamber (300, 310, 320, 330, 340, 350) and a second reaction chamber (200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260), the first and the second reaction chambers being separated from one another by means of a porous carbon membrane (100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150); (II) providing carbon monoxide and chlorine in the first reaction chamber; and simultaneously (III) providing a compound containing hydroxyl, thiol, amino and/or formamide groups in the second reaction chamber. The porous carbon membrane is configured to catalyze the reaction of carbon monoxide and chlorine to obtain phosgene, and to allow this formed phosgene to pass into the second reaction chamber. The invention also relates to a reactor that is suitable for carrying out the claimed method.

Disclosed herein are embodiments of halogenated nanohoop compounds and assemblies thereof that can be used to for a variety of biological and chemical applications. The halogenated nanohoop compounds described herein exhibit non-covalent interactions that promote their ability to stack and form column-like assemblies having uniform pore size and that do not exhibit structural defects typically associated with other column-like structures, such as carbon nanotubes. Assemblies described herein also are capable of non-covalent interactions with other assemblies and thus can be used to form networks of the assemblies described herein.

Precatalysts of formula I and IV, and processes for the functionalization of SP2-carbons using the same are described herein. The precatalysts comprise a fluoroborate salt protected intramolecular frustrated lewis pair (FLP). The precatalysts are bench stable with improved stability towards moisture and/or air. The precatalysts can be used to generate in situ the corresponding FLP catalyst.