A nano platelet gibbsite treated with compound of formula (OR.sup.a).sub.3Si—R.sup.b or of formula R.sup.c—COOH wherein R.sup.a equal to or different from each other is a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl radical; R.sup.b is a C.sub.5-C.sub.30 hydrocarbon radical and R.sup.c is a C.sub.5-C.sub.30 hydrocarbon radical is used as a catalyst support.

Process for producing alpha olefins comprising contacting ethylene, a zirconium based catalyst system comprising, a hydrocarbylmetal compound, a chain transfer agent, and optionally an organic reaction medium. Chain transfer agents which can be utilized include a) hydrogen, b) a compound comprising a hydrogen silicon bond, a compound having a hydrogen sulfur bond, a compound having a hydrogen phosphorus bond, or c) a transition metal compound chain transfer agent.

The present application provides a mononuclear transition metal complex, a photocatalyst for carbon dioxide reduction including same, and a method for reducing carbon dioxide to formic acid, the method comprising using the photocatalyst for carbon dioxide reduction.

This invention is related to an additive composition comprising metal-based quantum clusters (QCs) dispersed in a hydrocarbon medium. The additive composition is useful as a fuel additive, as it acts as a combustion improver for liquid and gaseous fuels. The invention describes a process for the synthesis of the additive composition comprising metal-based materials in atomic cluster form in hydrocarbon dispersible medium. The stable liquid dispersion of the QC has been doped into the hydrocarbon fuels at required concentrations. The measurable flame temperature of the fuels, e.g., commercial LPG on burner has been observed to increase by at least 60-80° C. The flame with high heat through put can be used for efficient cooking, heating, annealing and other high thermal applications. The additive composition may also be used to improve the fuel economy of the liquid hydrocarbon fuels.

A method comprising a) contacting a solvent, a carboxylic acid, and a peroxide-containing compound to form an acidic mixture wherein a weight ratio of solvent to carboxylic acid in the acidic mixture is from about 1:1 to about 100:1; b) contacting a titanium-containing compound and the acidic mixture to form a solubilized titanium mixture wherein an equivalent molar ratio of titanium-containing compound to carboxylic acid in the solubilized titanium mixture is from about 1:1 to about 1:4 and an equivalent molar ratio of titanium-containing compound to peroxide-containing compound in the solubilized titanium mixture is from about 1:1 to about 1:20; and c) contacting a chromium-silica support comprising from about 0.1 wt. % to about 20 wt. % water and the solubilized titanium mixture to form an addition product and drying the addition product by heating to a temperature in a range of from about 50° C. to about 150° C. and maintaining the temperature in the range of from about 50° C. to about 150° C. for a time period of from about 30 minutes to about 6 hours to form a pre-catalyst.

A method comprising a) contacting a solvent, a carboxylic acid, and a peroxide-containing compound to form an acidic mixture wherein a weight ratio of solvent to carboxylic acid in the acidic mixture is from about 1:1 to about 100:1; b) contacting a titanium-containing compound and the acidic mixture to form a solubilized titanium mixture wherein an equivalent molar ratio of titanium-containing compound to carboxylic acid in the solubilized titanium mixture is from about 1:1 to about 1:4 and an equivalent molar ratio of titanium-containing compound to peroxide-containing compound in the solubilized titanium mixture is from about 1:1 to about 1:20; and c) contacting a chromium-silica support comprising from about 0.1 wt. % to about 20 wt. % water and the solubilized titanium mixture to form an addition product and drying the addition product by heating to a temperature in a range of from about 50° C. to about 150° C. and maintaining the temperature in the range of from about 50° C. to about 150° C. for a time period of from about 30 minutes to about 6 hours to form a pre-catalyst.

A process can be used for preparing cyclic carbonates with an exocyclic vinylidene group by reacting a propargylic alcohol with CO.sub.2 in the presence of a silver catalyst having at least one bulky ligand a lipophilic carboxylate ligand. After completion of the reaction, the catalyst is separated from the cyclic carbonate by the use of two organic solvents of different polarity and having a miscibility gap. The silver catalyst is enriched in the less polar solvent and the cyclic carbonate in the more polar solvent.

A process can be used for preparing cyclic carbonates with an exocyclic vinylidene group by reacting a propargylic alcohol with CO.sub.2 in the presence of a silver catalyst having at least one bulky ligand a lipophilic carboxylate ligand. After completion of the reaction, the catalyst is separated from the cyclic carbonate by the use of two organic solvents of different polarity and having a miscibility gap. The silver catalyst is enriched in the less polar solvent and the cyclic carbonate in the more polar solvent.

Disclosed are (2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methyl 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetate, a waterborne polyurethane, and preparation methods thereof. The (2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methyl 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetate could be used as a modified monomer for preparing a waterborne polyurethane, and substituents at a C2 position of the (2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methyl 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetate are two fluorine atoms and one bromine atom. When it is used for preparing the waterborne polyurethane, fluorine and bromine groups are introduced into the structure of the waterborne polyurethane, and the resultant waterborne polyurethane exhibits good moisture resistance and flame retardance.

Disclosed are (2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methyl 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetate, a waterborne polyurethane, and preparation methods thereof. The (2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methyl 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetate could be used as a modified monomer for preparing a waterborne polyurethane, and substituents at a C2 position of the (2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methyl 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetate are two fluorine atoms and one bromine atom. When it is used for preparing the waterborne polyurethane, fluorine and bromine groups are introduced into the structure of the waterborne polyurethane, and the resultant waterborne polyurethane exhibits good moisture resistance and flame retardance.