This describes homogeneous catalysts that are recoverable from solution by being phase selective and through host-guest interactions. An example of a method includes separating a water soluble N-heterocyclic carbene homogeneous catalyst from a solution by: (a) forming a host-guest compound between the catalyst and an inclusion compound in the solution; and (b) isolating the host-guest compound from the solution.

The present invention relates to an apparatus of manufacturing an aerogel sheet. The apparatus of manufacturing the aerogel sheet includes: a plurality of fixing vessels into which a fiber sheet is inserted; and an impregnation vessels provided with an accommodation part in which the plurality of fixing vessels are stacked in multistage and a silica precursor injection part which injects a silica precursor into the accommodation part to impregnate the silica precursor into the fiber sheet inserted into each of the fixing vessels.

In one embodiment, the present application discloses a catalyst composition comprising: a) a reaction solvent or a reaction medium; b) organometallic nanoparticles comprising: i) a nanoparticle (NP) catalyst, prepared by a reduction of an iron salt in an organic solvent, wherein the catalyst comprises at least one other metal selected from the group consisting of Pd, Pt, Au, Ni, Co, Cu, Mn, Rh, Ir, Ru and Os or mixtures thereof; c) a ligand; and d) a surfactant; wherein the metal or mixtures thereof is present in less than or equal to 50,000 ppm relative to the iron salt.

A device for facilitating a chemical reaction while submerged in a liquid catalyst includes an upper member, a lower member, and a dissolvable member disposed between and ultimately enclosed by said upper and lower members such that upper and lower chambers are formed having substantially equal volumes. The upper chamber may receive a dry sodium chlorite and the lower chamber may receive a dry acid mixture. In order to keep the device submerged in the liquid catalyst, an inert ballast may also be added to the upper and/or lower chamber, such as glass shards.

The present invention provides for a reagent vaporization system. The reagent vaporization system includes a vaporization chamber located within a stream of hot exhaust gas. An aqueous reagent source located outside of the stream of hot exhaust gas provides aqueous reagent to the vaporization chamber. The heat from the hot exhaust gas vaporizes the aqueous reagent, which is then introduced into the stream of hot exhaust gas.

An aqueous orthosilicate solution comprising m[SiO4.sup.4?]+nX.sup.1+ in an aqueous solution wherein X is an alkali metal cation selected from the group consisting of sodium or potassium; and wherein n is four to five times greater than m. The aqueous orthosilicate solution is made by adding silicon particles of less than about 3 cm and water to a pressure vessel followed by adding a molar excess of alkali caustic to the pressure vessel containing the silicon particles. The temperature in the vessel is maintained not to exceed about 190? F. while an aqueous orthosilicate solution is formed. Upon cooling the formed aqueous orthosilicate solution is recovery. Aluminum or CuO can be added during the initial heating.

A process for decomposing a hydrocarbon-containing composition includes feeding the hydrocarbon-containing composition to a reactor containing a catalytically active molten metal or a catalytically active molten metal alloy, wherein the metal or alloy catalyzes a decomposition reaction of the hydrocarbon-containing composition into a hydrogen-rich gas phase and a solid carbon phase. The solid carbon phase is insoluble in the metal or alloy. The process may be a continuous process.

In one embodiment, the present application discloses a catalyst composition comprising: a) a reaction solvent or a reaction medium; b) organometallic nanoparticles comprising: i) a nanoparticle (NP) catalyst, prepared by a reduction of an iron salt in an organic solvent, wherein the catalyst comprises at least one other metal selected from the group consisting of Pd, Pt, Au, Ni, Co, Cu, Mn, Rh, Ir, Ru and Os or mixtures thereof; c) a ligand; and d) a surfactant; wherein the metal or mixtures thereof is present in less than or equal to 50,000 ppm relative to the iron salt.

The present invention relates to a process for producing a composite material and also the composite material itself. The composite material contains a bismuth-molybdenum-nickel mixed oxide or a bismuth-molybdenum-cobalt mixed oxide and a specific SiO2 as pore former. The present invention also relates to the use of the composite material according to the invention for producing a washcoat suspension and also a process for producing a coated catalyst using the composite material according to the invention. Furthermore, the present invention also relates to a coated catalyst which has a catalytically active shell comprising the composite material according to the invention on a support body. The coated catalyst according to the invention is used for preparing [alpha],[beta]-unsaturated aldehydes from olefins.

The present invention provides for a reagent vaporization system. The reagent vaporization system includes a vaporization chamber located within a stream of hot exhaust gas. An aqueous reagent source located outside of the stream of hot exhaust gas provides aqueous reagent to the vaporization chamber. The heat from the hot exhaust gas vaporizes the aqueous reagent, which is then introduced into the stream of hot exhaust gas.