A denitration catalyst structure includes: a rectangular frame body having a gas inlet and a gas outlet; a plurality of plate-like catalytic elements each of which has a gas inlet-side edge, a gas outlet-side edge, and two side edges and contains a catalytic component; and a plate-like draft stopper having a gas inlet-side edge, a gas outlet-side edge, and two side edges. The plurality of plate-like catalytic elements are stacked and housed in the frame body with the side edges aligned, with a space between the stacked plate-like catalytic elements and between an inner surface of the frame body and the side edges of each plate-like catalytic element to allow a gas to pass from the gas inlet to the gas outlet through the space. The plate-like draft stopper is arranged between the inner surface of the frame body and the side edges of each plate-like catalytic element.

An inorganic nanosheet composite includes: a plurality of monodisperse inorganic nanosheets; and a cationic species excluding a simple metal ion and an ammonium cation, in which the cationic species is located between the monodisperse inorganic nanosheets in a nanosheet laminated nanofiber in which the plurality of monodisperse inorganic nanosheets are laminated, and an equivalent ratio of the cationic species to an ion exchange capacity of the monodisperse inorganic nanosheet is an equivalent ratio in a range in which the nanosheet laminated nanofiber is formed.

An inorganic nanosheet composite includes: a plurality of monodisperse inorganic nanosheets; and a cationic species excluding a simple metal ion and an ammonium cation, in which the cationic species is located between the monodisperse inorganic nanosheets in a nanosheet laminated nanofiber in which the plurality of monodisperse inorganic nanosheets are laminated, and an equivalent ratio of the cationic species to an ion exchange capacity of the monodisperse inorganic nanosheet is an equivalent ratio in a range in which the nanosheet laminated nanofiber is formed.

The present disclosure describes a method of producing a branched fatty acid or alkyl esters thereof. The method includes subjecting an oleic acid composition comprising at least about 30% of at least one of oleic acid, linoleic acid, or a combination thereof (e.g., at least about 30% oleic acid), to an isomerization reaction in the presence of water and at least one protonated zeolite isomerization catalyst to produce branched unsaturated fatty acids or alkyl esters thereof.

The present disclosure describes a method of producing a branched fatty acid or alkyl esters thereof. The method includes subjecting an oleic acid composition comprising at least about 30% of at least one of oleic acid, linoleic acid, or a combination thereof (e.g., at least about 30% oleic acid), to an isomerization reaction in the presence of water and at least one protonated zeolite isomerization catalyst to produce branched unsaturated fatty acids or alkyl esters thereof.

Shaped catalyst compositions and methods for making and using the shaped catalyst compositions are provided. In an exemplary a catalyst active phase includes a MoVTeTaOx catalyst. The composition also includes a support phase, wherein the support phase includes fumed silica, and wherein the catalyst active phase and support phase form a heterogeneous mixture.

Shaped catalyst compositions and methods for making and using the shaped catalyst compositions are provided. In an exemplary a catalyst active phase includes a MoVTeTaOx catalyst. The composition also includes a support phase, wherein the support phase includes fumed silica, and wherein the catalyst active phase and support phase form a heterogeneous mixture.

Shaped catalyst compositions and methods for making and using the shaped catalyst compositions are provided. In an exemplary a catalyst active phase includes a MoVTeNbOx catalyst. The composition also includes a support phase, wherein the support phase includes fumed silica, and wherein the catalyst active phase and support phase form a heterogeneous mixture.

Shaped catalyst compositions and methods for making and using the shaped catalyst compositions are provided. In an exemplary a catalyst active phase includes a MoVTeNbOx catalyst. The composition also includes a support phase, wherein the support phase includes fumed silica, and wherein the catalyst active phase and support phase form a heterogeneous mixture.

There is disclosed a method of constructing a layered double hydroxide (LDH) material comprising selected metal ions, and employing metallic vanadium carbide (V.sub.2C) for promoting conductive properties of the LDH material, wherein the layered LDH material is a trimetallic LDH material. The trimetallic LDH material comprises selected Ni.sup.2+, Co.sup.2+, and A.sup.3+ metal ions with its cationic configuration for improving photocatalytic properties of the LDH material, wherein trimetallic nickel-cobalt-aluminium layered double hydroxide (Ni.sub.xCo.sub.yAl.sub.z LDH) and vanadium carbide MXene (V.sub.2C)-based composite is coupled with a graphitic carbon nitride (g-C.sub.3N.sub.4) nanosheet, to form a hybrid-junction photocatalyst. Also disclosed is a layered structure of vanadium carbide (V.sub.2C) MXenes, comprising trimetallic nickel-cobalt-aluminium layered double hydroxide (Ni.sub.xCo.sub.yAl.sub.z LDH) and vanadium carbide MXene (V.sub.2C) coupled with graphitic carbon nitride (g-C.sub.3N.sub.4), forming a Ni.sub.xCo.sub.yAl.sub.z LDH/g-C.sub.3N.sub.4 hybrid-junction photocatalyst.