Disclosed are single atom dispersions and multi-atom dispersions, and systems and methods for synthesizing the atomic dispersions. An exemplary method of synthesizing atomic dispersions includes: positioning a loaded substrate which includes a substrate in which is loaded with at least one of: a precursor of an element or a cluster of an element, applying one or more temperature pulses to the loaded substrate where a pulse of the temperature pulse(s) applies a target temperature for a duration, maintaining a cooling period after the pulse, and providing single atoms of the element dispersed on the substrate after the one or more temperature pulses. The target temperature applied by the pulse is between 500 K and 4000 K, inclusive, and the duration is between 1 millisecond and 1 minute, inclusive.

The present disclosure provides methods of making confined nanocatalysts within mesoporous materials (MPMs). The methods utilize solid state growth of nanocrystalline metal organic frameworks (MOFs) followed by controlled transformation to generate nanocatalysts in situ within the mesoporous material. The disclosure also provides applications of the nanocatalysts to a wide variety of fields including, but not limited to, liquid organic hydrogen carriers, synthetic liquid fuel preparation, and nitrogen fixation.

Disclosed are a heterogeneous catalyst, a production method thereof, and a method for producing a lignin-derived high-substituted aromatic monomer from a woody biomass material using the heterogeneous catalyst. The heterogeneous catalyst includes a carrier; and a Ni—Al nano-particle supported on the carrier.

A method of fabricating a carbon nanotube (“CNT”) array includes providing a substrate with a CNT catalyst disposed on a surface of the substrate, heating the CNT catalyst to an annealing temperature, exposing the CNT catalyst to a CNT precursor for an exposure period to pre-load the CNT catalyst, and exposing the pre-loaded CNT catalyst to a carbon source for a growth period to form the CNT array. The formed CNT array comprises a plurality of CNT bundles that are aligned with one another in an alignment direction. At least one of the plurality of bundles comprises an average structural factor of 1.5 or less along an entirety of the length thereof.

A process for the production of nanoparticles from a liquid mixture comprising at least one precursor and at least one solvent in a reactor with continuous through-flow comprises the steps of feeding at least one oxygen-containing gas inflow stream having a temperature into the at least one reactor, adding at least one fuel having a temperature to the oxygen-containing gas inflow stream, wherein the fuel and the oxygen-containing gas inflow stream form a homogeneous ignitable mixture having a temperature, wherein the temperature of the homogeneous ignitable mixture is above the autoignition temperature of the homogeneous ignitable mixture, introducing at least one precursor-solvent mixture into the homogeneous ignitable mixture; autoignition of the ignitable mixture of oxygen-containing gas and fuel after an ignition delay time to form a stabilized flame and reacting the precursor-solvent mixture in the stabilized flame to form nanoparticles from the metal salt precursor, removing the formed nanoparticles.

The present development is a metal particle coated nanowire catalyst for use in the hydrodesulfurization of fuels and a process for the production of the catalyst. The catalyst comprises titanium(IV) oxide nanowires wherein the nanowires are produced by exposure of a TiO.sub.2—KOH paste to microwave radiation. Metal particles selected from the group consisting of molybdenum, nickel, cobalt, tungsten, or a combination thereof, are impregnated on the metal oxide nanowire surface. The metal impregnated nanowires are sulfided to produce catalytically-active metal particles on the surface of the nanowires The catalysts of the present invention are intended for use in the removal of thiophenic sulfur from liquid fuels through a hydrodesulfurization (HDS) process in a fixed bed reactor. The presence of nanowires improves the HDS activity and reduces the sintering effect, therefore, the sulfur removal efficiency increases.

Disclosed is a method of preparing a catalyst having a conductive oxide protective layer. The method may include providing (e.g., supplying) a carbon support having a metal catalyst supported thereon to a fluidized bed reactor, and forming a conductive oxide protective layer using atomic layer deposition (ALD). Particularly, the atomic layer deposition may include supplying a conductive oxide precursor to the fluidized bed reactor, conducting a first purging by supplying an inert gas to the fluidized bed reactor, converting the conductive oxide precursor to conductive oxide by supplying a reactive gas to the fluidized bed reactor, and conducting a second purging by supplying an inert gas to the fluidized bed reactor.

A method for preparing a supported carbon catalyst, the method includes at least the following steps: contacting a gas containing an organic silicon source with a silicon oxide-based material to obtain a precursor; contacting the precursor with a gas containing an organic carbon source to obtain the supported carbon catalyst. The temperature and energy consumption of the chemical vapor deposition of heteroatom-containing carbon material on silica-based materials can be greatly reduced in this method, and the cost of the catalyst can be effectively reduced.

Superhydrophobic coatings to reduce deposit formation of diesel exhaust fluid (DEF) within selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems.

The present development is a method for the selective conversion of furfural to 2-methylfuran (2-MF) using a catalyst comprising non-toxic and non-noble metals and wherein the method requires relatively mild processing conditions. The catalyst comprises copper metal particles, used alone or in combination with cobalt, nickel, manganese, ruthenium, gallium, zinc, aluminum or a combination thereof, on a nanowire support. The catalyst is stable in liquid phase reactions and in the presence of water. The present development also includes a process for producing the catalyst.