Catalyst compositions for conversion of furfural to 2-methylfuran and their applications

Abstract

The present development is a method for the selective conversion of furfural to 2-methylfuran (2-MF) using a catalyst comprising non-toxic and non-noble metals and wherein the method requires relatively mild processing conditions. The catalyst comprises copper metal particles, used alone or in combination with cobalt, nickel, manganese, ruthenium, gallium, zinc, aluminum or a combination thereof, on a nanowire support. The catalyst is stable in liquid phase reactions and in the presence of water. The present development also includes a process for producing the catalyst.

Claims

1. A method for the selective conversion of furfural to 2-methylfuran (2-MF) comprising: (a) providing a catalyst comprising copper metal particles and a metal oxide nanowire support wherein the catalyst is formed by plasma oxidation of a paste formed by mixing precursors of the copper metal particles with the metal oxide nanowire support; (b) loading a reactor with the catalyst; (c) reducing the catalyst; (d) cooling the reactor to room temperature; (e) feeding a hydrogen source and furfural into the reactor; (f) heating the reactor to a predetermined temperature between 180° C. and 250° C.; (g) pressuring the reactor to a predetermined pressure of less than 300 psi; (h) allowing the furfural to react with the hydrogen source in the presence of the catalyst for a reaction time of less than 12 hours; and, (i) recovering 2-methylfuran from the reactor.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the catalyst further comprises active metal particles selected from the group consisting of cobalt, nickel, manganese, gallium, ruthenium, zinc, aluminum and combinations thereof, and wherein precursors of the active metal particles are mixed with the precursors of the copper metal particles and with the metal oxide nanowire support to form the paste.

3. The method of claim 2 wherein the metal oxide nanowire support comprises titanium oxide, zinc oxide, iron oxide, tin oxide, alumina or a combination thereof.

4. The method of claim 1 wherein the metal oxide nanowire support comprises titanium oxide, zinc oxide, iron oxide, tin oxide, alumina or a combination thereof.

5. The method of claim 1 wherein the hydrogen source is hydrogen gas or cyclohexane or isopropanol.

6. The method of claim 1 wherein the reaction pressure is between 8 psi and 100 psi.

7. The method of claim 1 wherein the reaction uses a continuous mode fixed bed reactor or batch mode continuous stirred tank reactor.

8. A method for the selective conversion of furfural to 2-methylfuran (2-MF) comprising: (a) providing a catalyst having a composition Cu.sub.xM.sub.yN.sub.1-x-yO wherein M=Co, Mn, Ni and N=Zn, Al and x=0-0.5 and y=0-0.5; (b) loading a reactor with the catalyst; (c) reducing the catalyst; (d) cooling the reactor to room temperature; (e) feeding a hydrogen source and furfural into the reactor; (f) heating the reactor to a predetermined temperature between 180° C. and 250° C.; (g) pressuring the reactor to a predetermined pressure of less than 300 psi; (h) allowing the furfural to react with the hydrogen source in the presence of the catalyst for a reaction time of less than 12 hours; and, (i) recovering 2-methylfuran from the reactor.

9. The method of claim 8 wherein the catalyst is prepared by plasma spray pyrolysis.

10. The method of claim 9 wherein the catalyst is mixed with metal oxide nanowires selected from the group consisting of TiO.sub.2, ZnO, SnO.sub.2, Al.sub.2O.sub.3, and combinations thereof.

11. The method of claim 8 wherein the reaction uses a continuous mode fixed bed reactor or batch mode continuous stirred tank reactor.

12. The method of claim 8 wherein the hydrogen source is hydrogen gas or cyclohexane or isopropanol.

13. The method of claim 8 wherein the reaction pressure is between 8 psi and 100 psi.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

(1) FIG. 1 is a series of scanning electron microscope images of catalytically active metals on nanowires, wherein a) shows copper metal particles on a zinc oxide nanowire, b) shows copper metal particles on a titanium dioxide nanowire, c) shows copper metal particles on an iron oxide nanowire, d) shows copper metal particles and cobalt metal particles on a zinc oxide nanowire, e) shows copper metal particles and nickel metal particles on a zinc oxide nanowire, and f) shows copper metal particles and cobalt metal particles on a zinc oxide-alumina nanowire; and,

(2) FIG. 2 is a schematic of the reaction pathways for the hydrogenation of furfural leading to 2-MF and potential byproducts.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT DEVELOPMENT

(3) The following description is intended to provide the reader with a better understanding of the invention. The description is not intended to be limiting with respect to any element not otherwise limited within the claims. For example, the present invention will be described through a series of examples that have specific compositions, but the teachings herein are not limited to examples provided.

(4) The present development is a method for the hydrogenation of furfural and, more specifically, the selective conversion of furfural to 2-methylfuran (2-MF) using a catalyst comprising copper metal particles (Cu) distributed on a metal oxide nanowire support. The production of 2-MF may be done in a continuous mode fixed bed reactor or batch mode continuous stirred tank reactor. The hydrogenation may be done by pumping gaseous hydrogen into the reactor or by using a hydrogen donor solvent, such as cyclohexanol or isopropanol as a source of hydrogen. The reaction occurs under relatively mild processing conditions, specifically at a hydrogenation reaction temperature of less than 250° C. and an initial hydrogenation reaction pressure of less than 300 psi and a reaction time of less than 8 hours. Some catalyst compositions disclosed herein are effective at hydrogenation reaction temperatures of less than 220° C. Some catalyst compositions disclosed herein are effective at an initial hydrogenation reaction pressure below 50 psi and as low as 8 psi. Some catalyst compositions disclosed herein are effective at reaction times of about 3 hours.

(5) The catalyst for the hydrogenation of furfural comprises a support composed of metal oxide nanowires and catalytically active metal particles secured on the surface or decorating the nanowires. The metal oxide nanowire support preferably comprises titanium oxide, zinc oxide, iron oxide, tin oxide or a combination thereof. Optionally, the support may further comprise alumina.

(6) The catalytically active metals comprise copper metal particles. Optionally, a second or more catalytically active metals may be combined with the copper metal particles. The optional catalytically active metals are selected from cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), ruthenium (Ru) and combinations thereof. In the finished catalyst composition, the catalytically active metals may be in the form of elemental metal, metal oxide, mixed metal oxides, mono- or bi- or tri-metallic oxide alloy nanoparticles or combinations thereof.

(7) To prepare the catalyst of the present invention the catalytically active metals may also be provided in the form of precursors, wherein the precursors for catalytically active particles are metal nitrates or metal acetates or metal carbonates. Exemplary monometallic catalysts anticipated by the present invention include Cu metal decorated onto the nanowire support, such as but not limited to Cu/ZnO, Cu/TiO.sub.2, Cu/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3, Cu/ZnO—Al.sub.2O.sub.3. As used herein, bimetallic catalysts refer to bimetallic alloys or mixed oxides containing Cu and second metal selected from the group consisting of Zn, Mn, Ni, Co, Ru and Ga. Representative examples of bimetallic catalysts anticipated by the present invention include Cu metal plus a second metal decorated onto the nanowire support, such as but not limited to Cu—Co/ZnO, Cu—Ni/ZnO, Cu—Mn/ZnO, Cu—Ga/ZnO, Cu—Co/ZnO—Al.sub.2O.sub.3, Cu—Ru/ZnO, Cu—Co/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3, Cu—Co/TiO.sub.2, Cu—Ni/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3, Cu—Co/TiO.sub.2—Al.sub.2O.sub.3, Cu—Ni/TiO.sub.2—Al.sub.2O.sub.3. In a preferred embodiment, the bimetallic catalyst has the composition Cu.sub.1-xM.sub.xO (x=0-0.5) wherein M=Co, Mn, Ni, Ga, Ru. As used herein, trimetallic catalysts refer to trimetallic alloy or trimetallic mixed oxides having Cu, a second metal selected from the group consisting of Zn, Mn, Ni, Co, Ru and Ga, and a third metal selected from the group consisting of Al and Zn. Representative examples of trimetallic catalysts anticipated by the present invention include Cu metal plus a second metal plus a third metal decorated onto the nanowire support, such as but not limited to Cu—Zn—Al/ZnO, Cu—Co—Al/ZnO, Cu—Co—Zn/ZnO, Cu—Mn—Zn/ZnO, Cu—Ni—Al/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3. In a preferred embodiment, the trimetallic catalyst has the composition Cu.sub.xM.sub.yN.sub.1-x-yO (x=0-0.5; y=0-0.5) wherein M=Co, Mn, Ni, Ga, Ru and N=Zn, Al.

(8) Loading of the catalytically active metals may vary from about 1 wt % to about 20 wt %. In a preferred embodiment, copper metal is loaded onto the nanowire support at a concentration of from about 3 wt % to about 20 wt %, and more preferably at a concentration of from about 6 wt % to about 15 wt %, and most preferably at a concentration of about 12 wt %. If a second catalytically-active metal is used, the second catalytically-active metal is loaded onto the nanowire support at a concentration of up to about 12 wt %, and more preferably at a concentration of from about 4 wt % to about 8 wt %, and most preferably at a concentration of about 6 wt %. If a second catalytically-active metal is used, the third catalytically-active metal is loaded onto the nanowire support at a concentration of up to about 12 wt %, and more preferably at a concentration of from about 4 wt % to about 8 wt %, and most preferably at a concentration of about 6 wt %. In a preferred embodiment, the active metal decorated nanowire has a homogeneous dispersion of metal particles. In a more preferred embodiment, the catalyst is a bimetallic catalyst or a trimetallic catalyst and the active metal decorated nanowire has a homogeneous dispersion of metal particles and has a maximum number of active sites as demonstrated with a BET surface area equal to or greater than 1 m.sup.2/g.

(9) The catalysts of the present invention may be prepared by any means known to decorate nanowires with catalytically active metal particles, including but not limited to impregnation techniques or by plasma oxidation techniques or by plasma spray pyrolysis techniques or by solvo plasma techniques. For example, the catalysts may be prepared by obtaining the metal oxide nanowires and loading the selected catalytically active metals onto the nanowires via wet impregnation or incipient wetness techniques, as is known in the art. The wet impregnation method involves loading the catalytically active metals onto the nanowires by mixing metal oxide nanowires with a solution of the selected metal precursors dissolved in deionized water. The incipient wetness or dry impregnation process involves mixing the metal oxide nanowires powder with a solution of the selected metal precursors dissolved in deionized water at a volume equivalent to the pore volume of the nanowires. The water is then evaporated in an oven held at a temperature between 80° C. to 150° C., more preferably between 100° C. and 120° C. The time of drying is between 6 h-20 h, more preferably between 10 h-15 h. The dried material is then calcined in a furnace at 350° C.-500° C., more preferably between 400° C.-450° C. for 2 h-6 h. Scanning electron microscope images of representative catalysts of the present invention prepared by the incipient wetness process are shown in FIG. 1, wherein a)-c) show monometallic catalysts with copper metal particles on a zinc oxide support and on a titanium dioxide support and on an iron oxide nanowire, respectively, and wherein d)-f) show bimetallic catalysts with copper metal particles mixed with cobalt metal particles on a zinc oxide nanowire, and copper metal particles mixed with nickel metal particles on a zinc oxide nanowire, and copper metal particles mixed with cobalt metal particles on a zinc oxide-alumina nanowire, respectively.

(10) Alternatively, the catalyst for the hydrogenation of furfural can be prepared using a plasma oxidation method. Metal oxide nanowires (ZnO and TiO.sub.2) are mixed with catalytically active metal precursors (metal nitrates, acetates or carbonates) and deionized water to form a paste, and then the paste is exposed to microwave plasma radiation for from about 15 sec to about 120 sec, and more preferably between about 40 sec and about 80 sec. The usage of plasma eliminates the drying and calcination steps which are energy intensive and have high process times. The plasma oxidation method is recommended for catalysts comprising bimetallic alloy nanoparticles supported on nanowires.

(11) Catalytically active bimetallic or trimetallic oxide alloy nanoparticles having the composition Cu.sub.xM.sub.yN.sub.1-x-yO (M-Co, Mn, Ni; N-Zn, Al) and x=0-0.5, y=0-0.5 can also be prepared using plasma spray pyrolysis. This method involves preparing an aqueous solution of a mixture of metal precursors, such as metal nitrates, metal acetates or metal carbonates, and then injecting the metal precursor solution into a plasma flame or hydrocarbon flame. Plasma spray pyrolysis experiments were performed in an air plasma flame using an upward atmospheric microwave plasma flame (atmospheric plasma) with power ranging from of 750 to 1200 W and variable exposure times (from about 30 seconds to about five minutes). In a typical experiment, precursor solution is injected into the plasma flame. Direct exposure is a more intensive process wherein the sample itself is faced directly toward the plasma flame having closer interaction with the oxidative species and the flame, allowing faster heating and higher radical concentrations. The method results in a precisely controlled composition of alloy nanoparticles. These catalytically active alloy nanoparticles can either be mixed with metal oxide nanowires (TiO.sub.2, ZnO, SnO.sub.2 and/or Al.sub.2O.sub.3) or used in the as-synthesized form.

(12) Alternatively, catalytically active bimetallic alloy nanowires having the composition Cu.sub.xM.sub.yN.sub.1-x-yO (M-Co, Mn, Ni; N-Zn, Al) and x=0-0.5, y=0-0.5 can be prepared by synthesizing CuO nanowires using a solvo-plasma method as described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,409,141 and US 2018/0187094, both of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties, and then mixing the nanowires with an aqueous solution of a mixture of metal precursors, and then thermally treating the metal precursor coated nanowires in a furnace under vacuum and/or an inert atmosphere at temperatures of from about 450° C. to about 700° C. for from about 1 hour to about 6 hours, more preferably from about 2 hour to about 4 hours. In a preferred embodiment, the metal precursors are metal nitrates, metal acetates, metal carbonates or a combination thereof. The catalytically active alloy nanowires may be used as synthesized or they may be mixed with Al.sub.2O.sub.3, TiO.sub.2, and/or ZnO supports.

(13) The metal oxide nanowires are prepared by methods known in the art. A preferred method to produce zinc oxide nanowires is taught by Sunkara et al. in US Published Application 2012/0027955, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. Iron oxide nanowires may be synthesized by thermal oxidation of iron metal, techniques that are known in the art. Preferred temperatures for thermal oxidation range from 700° C. to 800° C. for a period of from about 2 hours to about 8 hours. In a most preferred embodiment the thermal oxidation is performed at about 750° C. for about 4 hours.

(14) The following examples are provided to enhance the reader's understanding of the invention and are not intended to be limiting with respect to any element not otherwise limited within the claims:

(15) Catalyst Examples 1-11 (Table 1) are prepared by the following general procedure: The catalytically active metal source is dissolved in deionized H.sub.2O to produce an active metal solution. The nanowire powder is then added dropwise to the active metal powder solution while stirring to form a paste. Stirring is continued for about 20 min after the active metal solution is completely added. The mixture of nanowire powder and active metal solution is dried in an oven held at about 120° C. for approximately 15 hours. The dried product is transferred to a furnace and the furnace temperature is raised from room temperature to about 450° C. at a heating ramp of about 5° C. min.sup.−1 and the dried product is then calcined in the furnace held at about 450° C. for about 3 h in static air. The catalyst properties are characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Hz-temperature programmed reduction, and BET surface area and pore volumes measured by N.sub.2 adsorption/desorption isotherms at its liquefaction temperature are reported for some of the example catalysts.

(16) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Example 1 2 3 4 5 6 Catalyst Cu/ZnO Cu/TiO.sub.2 Cu/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 bimetallic bimetallic bimetallic Catalyst composition 10% Cu—90% ZnO 10% Cu—90% TiO.sub.2 10% Cu—90% Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 12% Cu—6% Co—82% ZnO 12% Cu—6% Ni—82% ZnO 12% Cu—12% Co—76% TiO.sub.2 Nanowire powder used 9 g ZnO 9 g TiO.sub.2 9 g Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 8.2 g ZnO 8.2 g ZnO 7.6 g TiO.sub.2 Copper source 3.14 g 3.14 g 3.14 g 3.64 g 3.64 g 3.64 g (added as powder) copper(II) copper(II) copper(II) copper(II) copper(II) copper(II) acetate acetate acetate nitrate nitrate nitrate pentahydrate pentahydrate pentahydrate 2.sup.nd Active metal source none none none 2.18 g 3.5 g nickel 4.35 g cobalt(II) nitrate cobalt(II) nitrate hexahydrate nitrate hexahydrate hexahydrate 3.sup.rd Active metal source none none none none none none DI water volume to disperse 16 ml 16 ml 16 ml 30 ml 30 ml 30 ml active metal powders BET Surface area (m.sup.2/g.sub.cat) 8.5 7.8 2.0 10 7 n/a XRD phase CuO, ZnO CuO CuO, Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 CuO, ZnO, CuO, ZnO, n/a Co.sub.3O.sub.4 Ni.sub.0.75Cu.sub.0.25O Example 7 8 9 10 11 Catalyst bimetallic bimetallic bimetallic bimetallic trimetallic Catalyst composition 12% Cu—12% Co—76% 5% Cu—5% Ga—90% ZnO 12% Cu—6% Mn—82% 12% Cu—6% Co—82% 12% Cu—6% Co—6% Zn—76% (80% ZnO—20% Al.sub.2O.sub.3) (80% ZnO—20% Al.sub.2O.sub.3) (ZnO—Al.sub.2O.sub.3) (80% ZnO—20% Al.sub.2O.sub.3) Nanowire powder used 12.6 g ZnO 9 g ZnO 12.6 g ZnO 6.56 g ZnO 6.08 g ZnO 3.04 g Al.sub.2O.sub.3 3.04 g Al.sub.2O.sub.3 1.64 g Al.sub.2O.sub.3 1.52 g Al.sub.2O.sub.3 Copper source 7.29 g copper(II) 0.95 copper(II) 7.29 g copper(II) 3.64 g copper(II) 3.64 g copper(II) (added as powder) nitrate nitrate nitrate nitrate nitrate 2.sup.nd Active metal source 8.70 g cobalt(II) 1.30 g gallium 3.47 g 2.18 g cobalt(II) 2.18 g cobalt(II) nitrate nitrate manganese(II) nitrate nitrate nitrate 3.sup.rd Active metal source none none none none 2.19 g Zn(II) nitrate hexahydrate DI water volume to disperse 7 ml 7.7 ml 7 ml 7 ml 7 ml active metal powders BET Surface area (m.sup.2/g.sub.cat) n/a n/a n/a 90 n/a XRD phase n/a n/a n/a Cu.sub.0.5Co.sub.1.5O.sub.4 n/a

(17) Example 12: A monometallic catalyst of the present invention comprising Cu.sub.0.09 Zn.sub.0.91O is prepared using the plasma oxidation method by dispersing about 8.8 g of ZnO nanowires into an aqueous solution containing about 3.65 g of copper(II) nitrate making it as a paste. The paste is then spread on a quartz slide and exposed it to the upward microwave based atmospheric plasma. The time of exposure to plasma is about 60 s.

(18) Example 13: A bimetallic catalyst of the present invention comprising Cu.sub.0.08Co.sub.0.08Zn.sub.0.82O is prepared as described in Example 12, except about 7.6 g of ZnO nanowires powder dispersed in a solution containing about 4.35 g of cobalt(II) nitrate and about 3.64 g of copper(II) nitrate and about 15 ml of deionized H.sub.2O.

(19) Example 14: A bimetallic alloy catalyst of the present invention comprising Cu.sub.0.08Co.sub.0.08Zn.sub.0.82O is prepared using the plasma spray pyrolysis method by mixing about 4.35 g of cobalt(II) nitrate, about 3.64 g of copper nitrate, about 29.97 g of zinc nitrate and about 60 ml of deionized H.sub.2O. The solution is then sprayed through a nozzle onto a highly dense oxygen rich microwave plasma discharge with a vertically upward flow confined in a conical cavity. The micron size droplets, when sprayed into hot oxygen plasma, instantly oxidizes and solidifies upon exiting the flame region. The resulting powder is then collected in a bag house filter.

(20) The catalyst of the present invention may be used in the hydrogenation of furfural to produce furans such as 2-MF. The production of 2-MF may be done in a continuous mode fixed bed reactor or batch mode continuous stirred tank reactor by hydrogenation of furfural in presence of a catalyst. The hydrogenation may be done by pumping gaseous hydrogen into the reactor or using a hydrogen donor solvent such as cyclohexanol or isopropanol as a source of hydrogen. The furfural may be mixed with a solvent and feed onto the catalyst bed in a fixed bed reactor or by using a mixture of furfural, solvent and catalyst in a stirred tank reactor. A schematic showing the reaction pathways for the hydrogenation of furfural leading to 2-MF and potential byproducts is shown in FIG. 2.

(21) The hydrogenation of furfural to 2-MF is conducted in a 50 ml volume autoclave reactor. The hydrogenation involves feeding the autoclave with furfural. Optionally, the reactants may be diluted with solvent, preferably cyclohexanol or isopropanol. The autoclave is charged with the catalyst. The autoclave is then flushed with N.sub.2 gas for about 1 h and then with H.sub.2 gas for about another 1 h. The reactor is heated to about 230° C.-300° C., more preferably between 250° C.-270° C., with a H.sub.2 gas flow to reduce the catalyst. The rate of heating is between 2° C. min.sup.−1 and 10° C. min.sup.−1, preferable about 5° C. min.sup.−1, and the reduction time is from about 1 h to about 6 h, more preferably from about 2 h to about 4 h. The reactor is then cooled to room temperature and then charged with furfural and solvent. The reactor temperature is then raised to a hydrogenation temperature of between about 180° C. to about 250° C., and the pressure is adjusted with H.sub.2 gas. The rate of heating is between 2° C. min.sup.−1 and 5° C. min.sup.−1. The H.sub.2 and N.sub.2 gas flows are controlled by mass flow controllers. The autoclave is continuously under stirring during hydrogenation. The hydrogenation is continued for about 1 h-12 h to achieve high conversion and selectivity. The reactants and the reaction products are analyzed by gas chromatogram with mass spectroscopy and flame ionization detector.

(22) Examples 15-20: The hydrogenation of furfural to 2-MF is conducted in an autoclave in the presence of monometallic or bimetallic catalysts prepared using the impregnation technique as described for Examples 1-11 and using cyclohexanol solvent. The hydrogenation experiments are conducted at a temperature of about 220° C., for about 3 h of reaction time and at a pressure of about 145 psi. The amount of catalyst is about 0.2 g and reactant quantities are about 3 ml furfural and about 30 ml cyclohexanol. The other byproducts include 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydrofuran, furan, and tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol. The results are summarized in Table 2.

(23) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Selectivity % Furfuryl Example Solvent Catalyst conversion % 2-MF alcohol Others 15 cyclohexanol 10% Cu—90% Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 100 11.6 37.8 50.6 16 cyclohexanol 10% Cu—90% TiO.sub.2 92 11.9 6.6 81.4 17 cyclohexanol 10% Cu—90% ZnO 100 18.4 52.7 28.9 18 cyclohexanol 12% Cu—6% Co—82% ZnO 91.8 26.5 50 23.5 19 cyclohexanol 12% Cu—6% Ni—82% ZnO 100 6.6 54.4 39 20 cyclohexanol 5% Cu—5% Ga—90% ZnO 100 4.4 69.5 26.1

(24) Examples 21-33: The hydrogenation of furfural to 2-MF follows the same method as described in Example 15, except isopropanol is used as a solvent and reaction conditions are reaction time of about 4 h and pressure equal to about 100 psi. The amount of catalyst is about 1.0 g and reactant quantities are about 3.7 ml furfural and about 20 ml isopropanol. The conversion and selectivity results are summarized in Table 3.

(25) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Selectivity % Furfuryl Example Solvent Catalyst conversion % 2-MF alcohol Others 21 Isopropanol 10% Cu—90% TiO.sub.2 63.8 0 100 0 22 Isopropanol 10% Cu—90% ZnO 59.3 0 95.2 4.8 23 Isopropanol 10% Cu—90% FeO 58.3 1.8 76.2 21.9 24 Isopropanol 12% Cu—12% Co—76% ZnO 83.3 1.4 76 22.6 25 Isopropanol 12% Cu—12% Co—76% TiO.sub.2 61.2 0 100 0 26 Isopropanol 12% Cu—6% Co—82% ZnO 78.6 1.7 73.3 25.0 27 Isopropanol 12% Cu—12% Co—76% ZnO 83.3 1.4 76 22.6 28 Isopropanol 12% Cu—6% Mn—82% (ZnO—Al.sub.2O.sub.3) 100 1 78.2 20.8 29 Isopropanol 12% Cu—6% Co—6% Mn—76% (ZnO—Al.sub.2O.sub.3) 100 5.5 63.4 31.0 30 Isopropanol 12% Cu—6% Co—6% Zn—76% (ZnO—Al.sub.2O.sub.3) 100 44.0 22.6 33.3 31 Isopropanol 12% Cu—12% Co—12% Zn—64% Al.sub.2O.sub.3 100 63.5 1.4 35.1 32 Isopropanol 12% Cu—12% Co—76% Al.sub.2O.sub.3 100 66.7 0 33.3 33 Isopropanol 12% Cu—12% Co—76% (ZnO—Al.sub.2O.sub.3) 100 52 12 36

(26) Examples 34-35: The furfural hydrogenation using catalyst 12% Cu-12% Co-76% (ZnO—Al.sub.2O.sub.3) is carried out as described in Example 21, except the hydrogenation reaction temperature is varied from 220° C. to 250° C. and/or the initial hydrogenation reaction pressure is varied between 10 psi to 300 psi and/or the reaction time is varied between 3 h and 8 h, as indicated in Table 4. The hydrogenation test results are summarized in Table 4.

(27) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Selectivity % Initial Reaction conversion Furfuryl Temperature Pressure Time Example Catalyst % 2-MF alcohol Others (° C.) (psi) hr 34 12% Cu—12% Co—76% (ZnO—Al.sub.2O.sub.3) 100 48.6 31.8 19.6 220 100 3 35 12% Cu—12% Co—76% (ZnO—Al.sub.2O.sub.3) 100 36.0 0 64.0 250 100 3 36 12% Cu—12% Co—6% Zn—70% (ZnO—Al.sub.2O.sub.3) 100 82.2 0 17.8 220 10 4 37 12% Cu—12% Co—6% Zn—70% (ZnO—Al.sub.2O.sub.3) 100 30.7 29.9 39.4 220 100 4 38 12% Cu—12% Co—6% Zn—70% (ZnO—Al.sub.2O.sub.3) 95.3 14.4 34.1 51.5 220 200 4 39 12% Cu—12% Co—6% Zn—70% (ZnO—Al.sub.2O.sub.3) 100 19.9 21.1 59 220 300 4 40 12% Cu—12% Co—76% (ZnO—Al.sub.2O.sub.3) 100 48.6 31.8 19.6 220 100 3 41 12% Cu—12% Co—76% (ZnO—Al.sub.2O.sub.3) 100 52 12 36 220 100 4 42 12% Cu—12% Co—6% Zn—70% (ZnO—Al.sub.2O.sub.3) 100 30.7 29.9 39.4 220 100 4 43 12% Cu—12% Co—6% Zn—70% (ZnO—Al.sub.2O.sub.3) 100 33.3 0 66.7 220 100 8

(28) The catalyst may be used in a fixed bed reactor for the continuous production of 2-MF by hydrogenating furfural. For this application, the catalyst is plugged between quartz wool in a glass reactor. The reactor is then flushed with N.sub.2 gas followed by a H.sub.2 gas flow. The catalyst is first reduced in the H.sub.2 gas flow at 250° C. for 4 h and then the reactor temperature s adjusted to the desired temperature, preferably between about 180° C. and about 250° C. Furfural is pumped onto the catalyst bed along with H.sub.2 gas and the flow rate is controlled by syringe infusion pump and mass flow controller. A solvent may be used, but is not required. The reaction product mixture is analyzed by gas chromatogram with mass and flame ionization detectors.

(29) Examples 44-50: The furfural hydrogenation is carried out as described in Example 21, except the catalysts of Examples 44-45 and 48 are prepared using the plasma oxidation method described for Example 12 and the catalysts of Examples 46-47 and 49-50 are prepared using the plasma spray pyrolysis method described for Example 14, and for Examples 44-50 the initial hydrogenation reaction pressure is varied between 8 psi to 50 psi, as indicated in Table 5. The hydrogenation test results are summarized in Table 5.

(30) TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Initial Selectivity % Pressure Conversion Furfuryl Example Catalyst (psi) % 2-MF alcohol Others 44 18% (Cu.sub.0.5Co.sub.0.5O.sub.x)/82% (ZnO—Al.sub.2O.sub.3) 50 99.3 67.2 31.4 1.4 45 24% (Cu.sub.0.5Co.sub.0.5O.sub.x)/76% Al.sub.2O.sub.3 50 100 81.3 2.9 15.7 46 36% (Cu.sub.0.33Co.sub.0.33Zn.sub.0.33O.sub.x)/64% Al.sub.2O.sub.3 50 100 87.7 3.9 8.3 47 36% (Cu.sub.0.33Co.sub.0.33Zn.sub.0.33O.sub.x)/64% Al.sub.2O.sub.3 15 98.2 84.6 5.5 9.9 48 18% (Cu.sub.0.5Co.sub.0.5O.sub.x)/82% (ZnO—Al.sub.2O.sub.3) 8 98.7 94.7 2.2 3.1 49 30% (Cu.sub.0.4Co.sub.0.4Zn.sub.0.2O.sub.x)/70% (ZnO—Al.sub.2O.sub.3) 10 100 82.2 0 17.8 50 24% (Cu.sub.0.5Co.sub.0.25Zn.sub.0.25O.sub.x)/76% (ZnO—Al.sub.2O.sub.3) 10 100 82.9 7.4 9.6

(31) As demonstrated by the examples, the bimetallic alloy catalysts prepared by plasma oxidation demonstrate a higher selectivity in the production of 2-MF (94%) than catalysts having similar compositions but prepared by impregnation. The liquid phase hydrogenation of furfural to 2-MF occurs under relatively mild processing conditions, i.e. T<220° C. and initial pressure<20 psi, with 100% furfural conversion and 94% selectivity to 2-MF. Without being bound by theory, it is believed the increased activity can be attributed either to an increase of metal electron density or the creation of new active sites, which both favor the hydrogenation of the C═O group and eliminate undesirable reactions, such as decarbonylation and ring opening.

(32) The catalysts of the present invention are non-precious Cu-based bimetallic catalysts. The method of making the catalysts generates little to no secondary waste, thereby making the catalyst product environmentally-friendly. The bimetallic Cu.sub.xM.sub.yZn.sub.1-x-yO (wherein M=Co, Ni, Mn) nanowires are made by plasma spray pyrolysis which produces homogeneous dispersion with controlled composition of alloys and maximum number of active sites. The bimetallic alloy nanoparticles having the composition Cu.sub.1-xM.sub.xO (wherein M=Co, Ni, Mn) are prepared by plasma oxidation and are supported on porous nanowire oxides TiO.sub.2 and ZnO. The addition of a co-promoter, such as Zn, has been shown to improve the intrinsic activity of the catalyst. Further, the catalyst is recyclable with sustained activity and selectivity.

(33) Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the presently disclosed subject matter pertains. Representative methods, devices, and materials are described herein, but are not intended to be limiting unless so noted.

(34) The terms “a”, “an”, and “the” refer to “one or more” when used in the subject specification, including the claims. The term “ambient temperature” as used herein refers to an environmental temperature of from about 0° F. to about 120° F., inclusive.

(35) Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of components, conditions, and otherwise used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about”. Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the instant specification and attached claims are approximations that can vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the presently disclosed subject matter.

(36) As used herein, the term “about”, when referring to a value or to an amount of mass, weight, time, volume, concentration, or percentage can encompass variations of, in some embodiments ±20%, in some embodiments ±10%, in some embodiments ±5%, in some embodiments ±1%, in some embodiments ±0.5%, and in some embodiments to ±0.1%, from the specified amount, as such variations are appropriate in the disclosed application.

(37) All compositional percentages used herein are presented on a “by weight” basis, unless designated otherwise.